专题01 阅读理解之说明文-十年（2012-2021）高考英语真题分项详解（全国通用） 解析版
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专题 01 阅读理解之说明文
【2021 年】
1.（2021 年新高考 I卷）C
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an
astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely.
Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of
these resources. Millions of waterfowl ( 水 禽 ) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly
ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations,
greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation
took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival.
Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck
Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des
Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of
Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to
purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures
this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars
has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp
Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?
A. Acquire. B. Export.
C. Destroy. D. Distribute.
30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?
A. The stamp price has gone down. B. The migratory birds have flown away.
C. The hunters have stopped hunting. D. The government has collected money.
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31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
【答案】28. A 29. C 30. D 31. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。本文讲述了美国鸭票的故事，由于美国移民的大量流入，对于农地和住
房的急需大量的水禽栖息地被破坏导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能
狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽。
【28 题】细节理解题。根据第一段“Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-
increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.”可知，上百万公顷的湿地被抽干用作农地或者修建
住房，极大地减少了水禽的栖息地，故可知，栖息地的减少导致了水禽数量的下降，故选 A。
【29 题】词义猜测题。根据前一句“Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources
wisely.”可知，北美的土著人把这些珍贵的自然资源保护的很合理，本句中的“Unfortunately”可知，本句与
上一句形成了转折，前一句陈述北美土著人做的好的地方，故可知，本句阐述移民者做的不好的地方，即
移民者破坏了这些自然资源，故画线词意思是“破坏”。A. Acquire 获得；B. Export 出口；C. Destroy 破坏；
D. Distribute 分配。故选 C。
【30 题】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund
to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat.”可知，自 1934 年起，超过 5亿美元进入到了这个基金会，购
买了超过 500 万公顷的水禽栖息地，故可以推出，通过发行鸭票，美国政府获得了大量的资金，故选 D。
【31 题】主旨大意题。根据全文可知，由于之前不恰当的发展导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭
票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护
了水禽，故可知，本文讲述美国鸭票的故事，故选 A。
2.（2021 年新高考 I卷）D
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intellingence. Many
people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot
be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.”
Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far
beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad
purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to
help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not
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necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably
support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this
popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others
interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public
and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will
excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades,
advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives.
Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?
A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person’s mind.
C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities.
33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept.
C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction.
34. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A. Favorable. B. Intolerant.
C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.
35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies.
C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives.
【答案】32. D 33. B 34. A 35. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。
【32 题】细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some
of these qualities (研究表明，情商技巧可能有助于这些品质的形成)”可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品
质。故选 D项。
【33 题】推理判断题。通过文章第二段“The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may
be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims.
(医生可能利用这种准确理解他人感受的能力来找到最好的帮助病人的方法，而骗子可能利用这种能力来控
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制潜在的受害者)”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是举例子来阐明下文的观点——
情商高并不一定能使一个人成为有道德的人。故选 B项。
【34 题】推理判断题。通过文章第三段“the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial
than harmful. …The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers (宣传的总
体效果一直是利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感
进行了新的、迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们
有利的。故选 A项。
【35 题】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the
scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new
perspectives from which to study how people manage their lives. (我们希望这种关注将激发人们对情感科学和
学术研究的更大兴趣。我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供新
的视角)”可推知，本段主要谈了对未来关于情商研究的期望。故选 B项。
3.（2021 年全国甲卷）B
Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding (繁育) programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black
rhino calf (犀牛幼崽). When the tiny creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino to be born at
the reserve. And officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are known
for being difficult to breed in captivity (圈养).
Paul Beer, head of rhino section at Port Lympne, said: “Obviously we're all absolutely delighted to welcome
another calf to our black rhino family. She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. Her mother,
Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. It's still a little too cold for them to go out into the open,
but as soon as the weather warms up, I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing
every day.”
The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the
calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port
Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother, grandmother and
great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.
According to the World Wildlife Fund, the global black rhino population has dropped as low as 5500, giving
the rhinos a “critically endangered” status.
4. Which of the following best describes the breeding programme?
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A. Costly. B. Controversial. C. Ambitious. D. Successful.
5. What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino?
A. She loves staying with her mother. B. She dislikes outdoor activities.
C. She is in good condition D. She is sensitive to heat.
6. What similar experience do Solio and Kisima have?
A. They had their first born in January. B. They enjoyed exploring new places
C. They lived with their grandmothers. D. They were brought to the reserve young
7. What can be inferred about Porn Lympne Reserve?
A. The rhino section will be open to the public.
B. It aims to control the number of the animals.
C. It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund.
D. Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas.
【答案】4. D 5. C 6. A 7. D
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在 Port Lympne 保护区的部分黑犀牛现状。
【4题】推理判断题。通过文章第一段“she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve (她成为
该保护区出生的第 40 头黑犀牛)”以及文章倒数第二段“His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were
all born at the reserve and still live there. (他的母亲、祖母和曾祖母都出生在保护区，至今仍住在那里 )”可知，
保护区的繁育计划使很多黑犀牛成功存活，可推知，这计划是成功的。故选 D项。
【5题】细节理解题。通过文章第二段“She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. (她很
健康，很强壮，已经渴望玩耍和探索了)”可知，Paul Beer 认为新生的犀牛身体状况很好。故选 C项。
【6题】细节理解题。通过文章第一段“When the tinv creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th
black rhino to be born at the reserve. (1 月31 日，当这头小犀牛来到保护区时，她成为了第 40 头在保护区出
生的黑犀牛)”以及文章倒数第二段“The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time
mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. (1 月5日，犀牛妈妈 Kisima 分娩的第一头小犀牛，同时也是第一个
出生在 Port Lympne，体重约为32 公斤)”可知，Solio 和Kisima 的第一个孩子都是在一月份出生的。故选 A
项。
【7题】推理判断题。通过文章倒数第二段“it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates
to be returned to protected areas of the wild (要判断这些小犀牛是否会成为返回野生保护区的好的候选者还为
时过早)”可推知，Pon Lympne 保护区的一些犀牛可能会被送到野生保护区。故选 D项。
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4.（2021 年全国乙卷）A
The Biggest Stadiums in the World
People have been pouring into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece. In around 80 A.D., the Romans built
the Colosseum, which remains the world’s best known stadium and continues to inform contemporary design.
Rome’s Colosseum was 157 feet tall and had 80 entrances, seating 50,000 people. However, that was small fry
compared with the city’s Circus Maximus, which accommodated around 250,000 people.
These days, safety regulations-not to mention the modern sports fan’s desire for a good view and comfortable
seat—tend to keep stadium capacities（容量） slightly lower. Even soccer fans tend to have a seat each; gone are
the days of thousands standing to watch the match.
For the biggest stadiums in the world, we have used data supplied by the World Atlas list so far, which ranks
them by their stated permanent capacity, as well as updated information from official stadium websites.
All these stadiums are still funtiona1, still open and still hosting the biggest events in world sport.
·Rungrado 1st of May Stadium, Pyongyang D.P.R. Korea. Capacity: 150,000. Opened: May 1,1989.
·Michigan Stadium, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U. S. Capacity: 107,601. Opened: October 1, 1927.
·Beaver Stadium, State College, Pennsylvania, U. S. Capacity: 106,572. Opened: September 17, 1960.
·Ohio Stadium, Columbus, Ohio, U. S. Capacity: 104,944. Opened: October 7,1922.
·Kyle Field, College Station, Texas, U. S. Capacity: 102,512. Opened: September 24, 1927.
21. How many people could the Circus Maximus hold?
A. 104,944. B. 107,601. C. About 150,000. D. About 250,000.
22. Of the following stadiums, which is the oldest?
A. Michigan Stadium. B. Beaver Stadium. C. Ohio Stadium. D. Kyle Field.
23. What do the listed stadiums have in common?
A. They host big games. B. They have become tourist attractions.
C. They were built by Americans. D. They are favored by architects.
【答案】21. D 22. C 23. A
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界上著名的大型竞技场的基本情况。目前这些竞技场仍
在运行并且还在承办大型体育赛事。
【21 题】细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“However, that was small fry compared with the city’s Circus
Maximus, which accommodated around 250,000 people.” (然而，与这座城市容纳了25 万人的大竞技场相比，
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这只是小巫见大巫。)可知，Circus Maximus 的可以容纳 250,000 人。故选 D项。
【22 题】细节理解题。根据文章最后部分中的“Ohio Stadium, Columbus, Ohio, U.S. Capacity: 104,944.
Opened October 7, 1922.” (美国俄亥俄州哥伦布市俄亥俄体育场，容纳人数：104,944 人。1922 年10 月7日
开业。)及其他四个著名竞技场的开放时间介绍可知，Ohio Stadium 开放时间最早在1922 年，属于年代最
久远的。故选 C项。
【23 题】细节理解题。根据文中“All these stadiums are still functional, still open and still hosting the
biggest events in world sport.” (所有这些体育场馆仍在使用，仍在开放，仍在举办世界上最大的体育赛事。)
可知，这些体育馆都还在承办大型的体育赛事。故选 A项。
5.（2021 年全国乙卷）B
When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a
landline（座机）?
These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile
phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls
anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter （29%） rely only
on their smartphones according to a survey （调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third
concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it
while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a
factor（因素）— only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of
Baby Boomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn’t the only factor; I’d say it’s also
to do with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone
rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever
ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling
before we pick up the phone（using Caller ID would take the fun out of it）.
How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk
deliveries?
24. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
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A. Their target users. B. Their wide popularity.
C. Their major functions. D. Their complex design.
25. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Admit. B. Argue.
C. Remember. D. Remark.
26. What can we say about Baby Boomers?
A. They like smartphone games. B. They enjoy guessing callers’ identity.
C. They keep using landline phones. D. They are attached to their family.
27. What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?
A. It remains a family necessity.
B. It will fall out of use some day.
C. It may increase daily expenses.
D. It is as important as the gas light.
【答案】24. B 25. A 26. C 27. B
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚使用固定电话的情况，并且表达了固定电话是
非必需品的观点。
【24 题】主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia
over the age of 15 who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket.
Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. (现在你很难在澳大利亚找到 15 岁以上的没
有手机的人。事实上，很多年幼的孩子口袋里都有手机。几乎每个人都可以随时随地拨打和接听电话)”可
推知，本段主要说明手机在澳大利亚广受欢迎。故选 B项。
【25 题】词句猜测题。根据划线单词的上文“Of those Australians who still have a landline (在那些仍然
有固定电话的澳大利亚人中)”可知，这个调查的目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人；根据下文“it's
not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further
13 percent keep it in case of emergencies (固定电话并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人
表示他们从未使用过固定电话，另有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况)”可知，很多人认为固定电话并
不是必须拥有的，有些人保留固定电话只是为了防止紧急情况。从而推知，在调查中，他们应该是承认了
固定电话的非必要性。由此推知，划线单词“concede”意为“承认”。故选 A项。
【26 题】推理判断题。根据文章第四段“84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home
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number for 50 years.(婴儿潮时代中有 84%的人可能已经有50 年相同的家庭号码了)”以及文章第五段“That
said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents ( 也就是说，老实
说，唯一打过我们家电话的人是婴儿潮一代的父母)”可推知，婴儿潮时代的人一直用固定电话。故选 C项。
【27 题】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“How attached are you to your landline? How long until they
go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? ( 你有多喜欢你的座机？它们还要多久才能走上煤
气路灯和早晨送牛奶的道路？)”可推知，本段使用类比的方式，使用煤气路灯以及早晨送牛奶已经被淘汰
的例子，侧面说明了固定电话总有一天会废弃的。故选 B项。
6.（2021 年全国乙卷）C
You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean
ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong
wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine
their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic
waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the
sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of
plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and,
because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork
likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take
centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a
truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of
volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been
dumped（倾倒） from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
28. What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for?
A. Beautifying the city he lives in. B. Introducing eco-friendly products.
C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D. Reducing garbage on the beach.
29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A. To show the difficulty of their recycling.
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B. To explain why they are useful.
C. To voice his views on modern art.
D. To find a substitute for them.
30. What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers?
A. Calming. B. Disturbing.
C. Refreshing. D. Challenging.
31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety
B. Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C. Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
【答案】28. C 29. A 30. C 31. D
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了艺术家 Benjamin Von Wong 用塑料垃圾制作了一个巨大的雕
塑作品，让人们通过这 个 雕 塑重新审视自己与一次 性塑料制品的关系。此 外他 在 2018 的一件作品
“Truckload of Plastic”说明了每60 秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。Von Wong 通过用塑料垃圾制造巨型雕塑
来唤醒和提高人们的环保意识。
【28 题】推理判断题。根据第一段“But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist
Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing
viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什么
区别吗？艺术家本杰明·冯·王（Benjamin Von Wong）想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的
雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”可知，Von Wong 用塑料垃圾制作的雕塑想让人
们重新审视与一次性塑料制品的关系，由此可知他做这个雕塑的目的是为了引起公众对塑料垃圾的关注。
故选 C项。
【29 题】推理判断题。根据第三段“Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no
means the biggest source(来源) of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t
need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s
part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is
gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.(全球只有 9%的塑料垃圾被回收。塑料吸管绝不是最大的塑料
污染源，但它们最近却受到了抨击，因为大多数人不需要吸管喝饮料，而且由于它们体积小、重量轻，无
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专题01阅读理解之说明文【2021年】1.（2021年新高考I卷）CWhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimate...
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