专题04 阅读理解之议论文 -十年（2012-2021）高考英语真题分项详解（全国通用） 解析版
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专题 04 阅读理解之议论文
【2021 年】
1.（2021 年全国甲卷）D
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want
to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more
intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this
is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to
the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different
color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that
members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief:
Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet
afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer:
absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes
of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender,
race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with
“intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”
12. What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?
A. They're unfair. B. They're conservative.
C. They're objective. D. They're strict.
13. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?
A. They think themselves smart.
B. They look up to great thinkers.
C. They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs
14. Why are more geniuses known to the public?
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A. Improved global communication.
B. Less discrimination against women.
C. Acceptance of victors' concepts.
D. Changes in people's social positions.
15. What is the best title for the text?
A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms
C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck
【答案】12. A 13. D 14. A 15. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章由问题“谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事
实上“天才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。
【12 题】推理判断题。根据第三段的“It is said that history is written by victors, and those victors set the
standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club-women, or
people of a different color or belief-they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.( 据说历史是由胜利者书写
的，而那些胜利者为进入天才俱乐部设定了标准。当俱乐部以外的天才——女性或不同肤色或信仰的人—
—做出贡献时，他们不会被承认并且被其他人拒绝)”可推知，作者认为那些“胜利者”对进入“天才俱乐
部”设置的标准是不公平的，因为女性或者不同肤色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承认的。故选 A。
【13 题】推理判断题。根据第四段的“Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief. Around
age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.”( 更糟糕的是，研究发现
女孩们是按照这个信念行事的。六岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是“非常非常聪明”的孩子参加的活
动)”可推知，女孩容易受到社会信仰的影响，认为自己在六岁左右就不适合做“聪明孩子”做的事情。故
选D。
【14 题】细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all
positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear.( 在一个全球通讯不断的有线世界里，我们随时随地都
能看到天才的闪现)”可知，进步的全球通讯让更多的天才被公众所知道。故选 A。
【15 题】主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“ Who is a genius?（谁是天
才）”和最后一段的“As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity,
perseverance, and simple geniuses, who are able to change the world.”(正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那
些具有“智慧、创造力、毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。”)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献
的人，他们也可以是某一方面比较突出的普通人。由此可知 B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标
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题。故选 B。
2.（2021 年天津卷）About five weeks ago, I noticed the skin of our pet lizard was growing dusty. It worried
me. I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next morning. Seconds
later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it.
I didn't think about it much until a morning last week when I knocked my favorite teapot off the table. It burst
into hundreds of pieces. As I swept up the mess, I wondered why we had been breaking so many things over the
months.
The destruction started three months ago. It was my husband's birthday. He had just lost his job. The
uncertainty was starting to wear on us, so I wanted to do something special.
“Let's make a cake for Dad!” I cried.
My kids screamed with joy. We baked, iced and sprinkled for most of the day. Candles on the cake! Balloons
on the walls! Flowers on the table!
Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a
glass vase from a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces of glass were everywhere. She sobbed
loudly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding for his birthday.
Three days ago, the light in our living room suddenly went out. After several frustrating hours of unsuccessful
attempts to fix it, my husband suggested watching the Michael Jordan documentary series The Last Dance.
The poignancy of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to
make such a tough decision took me by surprise. As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it
with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizard had.
Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after
everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind.
Humans do not shed skin as easily as other animals. The beginning of change is upsetting. The process is
tiring. Damage changes us before we are ready. I see our lizard, raw and nearly new.
Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we
begin.
46．What can we learn about the pet lizard from Paragraph 1?
A．Its tank grew dirty. B．Its old skin came off.
C．It got a skin disease. D．It went missing.
47．Why did the author's husband have banana pudding for his birthday?
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A．The birthday cake was ruined. B．The author made good puddings.
C．Pudding was his favorite dessert. D．They couldn't afford a birthday cake.
48．Why does the author mention The Last Dance in the passage?
A．To prove a theory. B．To define a concept.
C．To develop the theme. D．To provide the background.
49．The underlined part "leaving behind the layer" in Paragraph 8 can be understood as .
A．letting go of the past B．looking for a new job
C．getting rid of a bad habit D．giving up an opportunity
50．What does the author most likely want to tell us?
A．Love of family helps us survive great hardships. B．It's not the end of the world if we break things.
C．We should move on no matter what happens. D．Past experiences should be treasured.
【答案】
46．B
47．A
48．C
49．A
50．C
【解析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。讲述了作者的丈夫刚刚丢了工作，这种不确定性开始影响到家人，直
到作者看到家里的宠物蜥蜴换皮和观看了 Michael Jordan 的纪录片《最后的舞蹈》后，领悟到我们必须学
会把过去抛在脑后，像蜥蜴一样，用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，作为人生的起点。
46．细节理解题。根据第一段中“I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and
children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it.(第二
天早上，我向丈夫和孩子们报告了蜥蜴皮肤上奇怪的表面。几秒钟后，我们的蜥蜴从水箱里出来，旧皮肤
蜕了下来)”可知，宠物蜥蜴旧的皮肤脱落了。故选 B。
47．细节理解题。根据第六段“Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview,
my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces of
glass were everywhere. She sobbed loudly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding for his
birthday.(就在我丈夫参加另一场工作面试回家前两个小时，我女儿爬到一个高高的架子上，抓起一个玻璃
花瓶。它掉下来摔碎在蛋糕旁边。到处都是细小的玻璃碎片。我把蛋糕扔掉时，她大声抽泣。我丈夫生日
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吃了香蕉布丁)”可知，作者的丈夫过生日吃了香蕉布丁是因为生日蛋糕毁了。故选 A。
48．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“The poignancy of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play
baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. As I watched him take off
his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer
served him, just as our lizard had. Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to
live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past
behind.( Jordan 从心爱的篮球退役，转而打棒球，这是多么令人痛心的事情，是什么促使他做出如此艰难的
决定，让我感到惊讶。当我看着他脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，我看到他脱下了那层不再适合他的衣服，
就像我们的蜥蜴一样。他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都
变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后)”以及最后一段“Jordan said that no matter
how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.( Jordan 说，不管结局如何，
都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点)”可推知，作者在文章中提到 The
Last Dance 是为了展开文章关于放手过去，重新开始的主题。故选 C。
49．词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But
they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to
leave the past behind.(他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变
了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后)”可知，作者看着乔丹脱下篮球服，换上棒球
服时，意识到看到他放开了过去，把过去抛在脑后了。即画线词意思是“放开过去”。故选 A。
50．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Humans do not shed skin as easily as other animals. The beginning of
change is upsetting. The process is tiring. Damage changes us before we are ready. I see our lizard, raw and nearly
new.(人类不像其他动物那样容易蜕皮。变革的开始令人不安。这个过程很累人。伤害在我们准备好之前就
改变了我们。我看到了我们生嫩的、几乎是全新的蜥蜴)”以及最后一段“Jordan said that no matter how it
ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.( Jordan 说，不管结局如何，都是
以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点)”可推知，作者最有可能想告诉我们无论
发生什么，我们都应该继续前进。故选 C。
3.（2021 年天津卷）There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist.
Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life.
Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation,
branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less
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and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing
levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up.
Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also
weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and
realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled
to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排 除）of others can hold
back your true spirit.
Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its
connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into
specific fields of expertise （专长）.The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who
can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills.
Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your
interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor
Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by
the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese
philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit."
These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the
interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad,
general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy.
57．To become a specialist, one may have to_____.
A．narrow his range of knowledge
B．avoid responsibilities at work
C．know more about the society
D．broaden his perspective on life
58．The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to______.
A．treasure their freedom
B．travel around the world
C．spend most time working
D．enjoy meeting funny people
59．According to the author, a superior doctor is one who_____.
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A．is fully aware of his talent and ability
B．is a pure specialist in medicine
C．should love poetry and philosophy
D．brings knowledge of other fields to work
60．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni?
A．Passion alone does not ensure a person's success.
B．In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible.
C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit.
D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected.
61．What could be the best title for the passage?
A．Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist
B．Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide
C．Turn a Generalist into a Specialist
D．Ways to Become a Generalist
【答案】
57．A
58．C
59．D
60．D
61．A
【解析】本文是议论文。文章论述了要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家。
57．推理判断题。文章第二段中提到“This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of
study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less.
（成为专家需要对特定的职业、研究领域的投入。成为专家的缺点是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解
得越来越多。）”根据“know … about less and less”可知，要成为一名专家，了解到的知识领域会越来越
少，会缩小他的知识范围。故选 A。
58．细节理解题。第三段中提到“Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow
specialty. …These specialists could work at the office until ten each night (有些人似乎愿意在他们狭隘的专业领
域夜以继日地工作。…… 这些专家可以每天晚上在办公室工作到十点。)”由此可知，这些专家往往花大部
分的时间在工作上。故选 C。
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59．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor,
one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. (这位既是诗人又是哲学家的医生是
一位优秀的医生，他能给他的病人提供比良好的医术更多的东西。)”可知，作者认为一名优秀的医生可以
将其他领域的知识带到工作中。故选 D。
60．推理判断题。文章第五段中提到“Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your
passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their
depths, you discover that they are.（事物之间是有联系的。让你在一个领域的专长激发你在所有相关领域的
热情。你的一些兴趣可能看起来没有联系，但一旦你深入探索，你就会发现它们是有联系的。）”；下文
举出Toni 的例子“My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study
Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to
learn more about Chinese philosophy.（我的编辑 Toni 也是一位作家，她编辑过几本历史书。她已决定学习中
国历史。作为一名画家，她痴迷于紫禁城的建筑之美，同时也对更多地了解中国哲学感兴趣。）”由此可
以推断，作者想通过Toni 的例子说明看似不相关的兴趣，如果深入探索的话，在某种程度上是有联系的。
故选 D。
61．主旨大意题。文章第一段提出观点“There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you
are a specialist.”作者提出即使你是一个专家，也应该当一个通才；文章第二段提出“The drawback to being
specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. ”说明成为专家的不足之处是我们常常
对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越深；第四段中提到“Generalists, …, know a lot about a wide range of
subjects and view the whole with all its connections.”说明当通才的优点往往对广泛的学科了解得很多，并从
整体上来看其中的所有的联系。作者的观点是应该当一个通才。因此文章的标题应为“Be More a
Generalist Than a Specialist（做一个通才，而不是专家）”。故选 A。
【2020 年】
1.（2020·新课标Ⅱ）D
I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an
enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while
other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.
My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old .It was a dream job and I did
everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had
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several children and books were our main source(来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go
to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.
I always read ,using different voices ,as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it !It
was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books .
Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library
lives on form generation to generation.
As a novelist, I’ve found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when
they can’t afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that
helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy(盗版行为) and 1 think
all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share
library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.
32. Which word best describes the author’s relationship with books as a child?
A. Cooperative. B. Uneasy. C. Inseparable. D. Casual.
33. What does the underlined phrase “an added meaning” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Pleasure from working in the library.
B. Joy of reading passed on in the family.
C. Wonderment from acting out the stories.
D. A closer bond developed with the readers.
34. What does the author call on other writers to do?
A. Sponsor book fairs. B. Write for social media.
C. Support libraries. D. Purchase her novels.
35. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Reading: A Source of Knowledge
B. My Idea about writing
C. Library: A Haven for the Young
D. My Love of the Library
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. C 35. D
【解析】本文是夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者是一个热情的读者，孩提时热衷读书，第一份工作在图
书馆。有了孩子以后，一家人去图书馆读书，阅读的习惯代代传承下去。作为小说家，作者呼吁其他作家
支持图书馆，宣传图书馆。
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32.推理判断题。根据第一段的 I was always an enthusiastic reader，sometimes reading up to three books a
day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties. I lived out adventures
through the books I checked out from the library.(我一直是一个热情的读者，孩提时，有时候每天读多达三本
书。故事对我来说就像空气，而其他孩子则打球或参加聚会。我通过从图书馆借阅来的书籍经历冒险)可推
断，作者小时候与书是密不可分的。故选 C。
33.词句猜测题。根据上文 As I grew older and became a mother 可知，我长大了成了一位母亲，结合下
文I had several children and books were our main source (来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load
up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to
them(我有几个孩子，书是我们娱乐的主要来源。对于我们来说，坐上车去当地的图书馆是件大事，在那里
我的孩子们可以挑选要阅读的书或者想让我给他们读的书)可推断，作者成了母亲以后，带着孩子去图书
馆，孩子挑选书籍来阅读，或者作者读给他们听，因此可知图书馆在作者的生活中又增添了新的意义，阅
读的乐趣在家庭中代代相传”。故选 B。
34.细节理解题。根据最后一段的 I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they
can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and
talk about them when you can.( 我认为所有的作家都应该在他们可以的时候以有意义的方式支持图书馆。鼓
励读者使用图书馆。在社交媒体上分享图书馆公告。可以的时候常去图书馆，谈论图书馆)可推断，作者呼
吁其他的作家们支持图书馆。故选 C。
35.主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，文章讲述了作者是一名热情地读者，孩提时喜欢阅读，工作在图书
馆。有了孩子以后，一家人去图书馆读书，阅读的习惯代代传承下去，作为小说家，作者呼吁其他作家支
持图书馆，宣传图书馆。因此推断全文围绕“作者对图书馆的爱”展开讲述。故 D项“我对图书馆的
爱”为最佳标题。故选 D。
2.（2020·江苏卷）D
I was in the middle of the Amazon (亚马逊) with my wife, who was there as a medical researcher. We flew on
a small plane to a faraway village. We did not speak the local language, did not know the customs, and more often
than not, did not entirely recognize the food. We could not have felt more foreign.
We were raised on books and computers, highways and cell phones, but now we were living in a village
without running water or electricity It was easy for us to go to sleep at the end of the day feeling a little
misunderstood.
Then one perfect Amazonian evening, with monkeys calling from beyond the village green, we played soccer.
10 / 69
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专题04阅读理解之议论文【2021年】1.（2021年全国甲卷）DWhoisagenius?Thisquestionhasgreatlyinterestedhumankindforcenturies.Let'sstateclearly:Einsteinwasagenius.Hisfaceisalmosttheinternationalsymbolforgenius.Butwewanttogobeyondonemanandexplorethenatureofgeniusitself.Whyisitthatsomepeoplearesomuchmoreintelligentorcreativeth...
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