1 INTRODUCTION Anisotropic ionization threshold and directional sensitivity in solid state DM detectors

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1 INTRODUCTION

Anisotropic ionization threshold and directional sensitivity in solid

state DM detectors

Matti Heikinheimo1?, Sebastian Sassi1, Kimmo Tuominen1, Kai Nordlund1and Nader

Mirabolfathi2

1Helsinki Institute of Physics and Department of Physics, University of Helsinki,

P.O.Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

2Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and

Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA

* matti.heikinheimo@helsinki.ﬁ

October 5, 2022

14th International Conference on Identiﬁcation of Dark Matter

Vienna, Austria, 18-22 July 2022

doi:10.21468/SciPostPhysProc.?

Abstract

The threshold displacement energy for nuclear recoils depends strongly on the direction of

the recoiling nucleus with respect to the crystal lattice. Assuming that similar dependence

holds for the ionization threshold for low energy nuclear recoils, we explore the conse-

quences of the resulting directional dependence of the observable event rate in ionization

detectors. For low mass dark matter, this effect leads to a daily modulation in the event rate.

We discuss how this effect can be utilized to separate the DM signal from the solar neutrino

background and how the structure of the modulation signal can be used to identify the type

of the DM-nucleon coupling.

1 Introduction

To identify the dark matter (DM) signal from the background in direct detection experiments, the

time dependence of the signal event rate can be utilized. Annual modulation, resulting from the

motion of the earth with respect to the galactic rest frame, is a well known example of this idea.

While annual modulation is caused by the changing magnitude of the DM average velocity in the

laboratory frame during the year, there is a possibility to observe a daily modulation resulting from

the changing direction of this velocity due to the rotation of the earth. This effect arises if the DM

scattering rate depends on the direction of the incoming DM particle with respect to the rest frame

inherent to the target material. For isotropic targets, such as liquid xenon, no such inherent frame

exists and therefore the daily modulation signal is not expected in this case, but solid targets are

endowed with a natural frame given by the crystal lattice. For recoil energies not too far above

the binding energies of nuclei in their lattice sites the scattering amplitude to a given ﬁnal state

can exhibit directional dependence due to the inherent anisotropy of the crystal structure.

arXiv:2210.01557v1 [hep-ph] 4 Oct 2022

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1INTRODUCTIONAnisotropicionizationthresholdanddirectionalsensitivityinsolidstateDMdetectorsMattiHeikinheimo1?,SebastianSassi1,KimmoTuominen1,KaiNordlund1andNaderMirabolfathi21HelsinkiInstituteofPhysicsandDepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofHelsinki,P.O.Box64,FI-00014UniversityofHelsinki,Finland2Departme...

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1 INTRODUCTION Anisotropic ionization threshold and directional sensitivity in solid state DM detectors

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