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Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc.

Edited by Anuradha Seneviratna

King Asoka and Buddhism

Historical & Literary Studies

King Asoka and Buddhism

Historical & Literary Studies

King Aśoka and Buddhism

HISTORICAL AND LITERARY STUDIES

EDITED BY

ANURADHA SENEVIRATNA

BUDDHIST PUBLICATION SOCIETY

KANDY SRI LANKA

PUBLISHED IN 1994

BUDDHIST PUBLICATION SOCIETY

P.O. BOX 61

54, SANGHARAJA MAWATHA

KANDY, SRI LANKA

ISBN 955–24–0065–2.

Buddhism / Indian History / Asian Studies

King Aśoka and Buddhism

King Aśoka, the third monarch of the Mauryan dynasty in the

third century B.C., was the ﬁrst ruler of a uniﬁed India and one

of the greatest political ﬁgures of all time. After he embraced

the teachings of the Buddha, he transformed his polity from

one of military conquest to one of Dharmavijaya — victory by

righteousness and truth. By providing royal patronage for the

propagation of Buddhism both within and beyond his empire,

he helped promote the metamorphosis of Buddhism into a

world religion that spread peacefully across the face of Asia.

The present collection of essays by leading Indological

scholars draws upon both the inscriptions and the literary tra-

ditions to explore the relationship between King Aśoka and

the religion he embraced. In highlighting the ways in which

Aśoka tapped the ethical and spiritual potentials of rulership,

these papers deliver a message highly relevant to our own

time, when politics and spirituality often seem pitted against

one another in irreconcilable opposition.

Contents: Richard Gombrich: Aśoka-The Great Upāsaka; Romila

Thapar: Aśoka and Buddhism as Reﬂected in the Aśokan Edicts;

Ananda W.P. Guruge: Unresolved Discrepancies between Buddhist

Tradition and Aśokan Inscriptions; N.A. Jayawickrama: Aśoka’s

Edicts and the Third Buddhist Council; Anuradha Seneviratna:

Aśoka and the Emergence of a Sinhala Buddhist State in Sri Lanka;

John S. Strong: Images of Aśoka; Ananda W.P. Guruge: Emperor

Aśoka’s Place in History.

Cover design by Mahinda Jeevananda

The Editor

Anuradha Seneviratna is Professor of Sinhala at the Univer-

sity of Peradeniya. His prior publications include The Springs

of Sinhala Civilization; Buddhist Monastic Architecture in Sri Lanka;

Mahintale: Dawn of a Civilization; and a two-volume work on the

Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic.

The Buddhist Publication Society

The BPS is an approved charity dedicated to making known

the Teaching of the Buddha, which has a vital message for

people of all creeds. Founded in 1958, the BPS has published

a wide variety of hooks and booklets covering a great range

of topics. Its publications include accurate annotated transla-

tions of the Buddha’s discourses, standard reference works, as

well as original contemporary expositions of Buddhist thought

and practice. These works present Buddhism as it truly is — a

dynamic force which has inﬂuenced receptive minds for the

past 2,500 years and is still as relevant today as it was when

it ﬁrst arose. A full list of our publications will be sent upon

request with an enclosure of U.S. $1.50 or its equivalent to cover

air mail postage. Write to:

The Hony. Secretary

Buddhist Publication Society

P.O. Box 61

4 Sangharaja, Mawatha,

Kandy, Sri Lanka.

The Contributors

Richard Gombrich is Boden Professor of Sanskrit at Oxford

University and Fellow of Balliol College. He is also the

Honorary Secretary and Treasurer of the Pali Text Society.

His previous publications include Precept and Practice:

Traditional Buddhism in the Rural Highlands of Ceylon (1971),

The World of Buddhism (with Heinz Bechert, 1984), Theravāda

Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern

Colombo (1988), and Buddhism Transformed (with Gananath

Obeyesekere, 1990).

Ananda W.P. Guruge has served as Sri Lanka’s Ambassador to

France and Permanent Delegate to UNESCO in Paris. He is

presently the Sri Lankan Ambassador to the United States.

He holds a Ph.D. and D. Litt. (Hon.) and is the author of

The Society of the Ramayana (1960), From the Living Fountains

of Buddhism (1984), Buddhism — The Religion and its Culture

(2nd ed. 1984), and The Mahāvaṃsa — An Annotated New

Translation with Prolegomena (1989).

N.A. Jayawickrama was Professor and Head of the Department

of Pali of the University of Peradeniya and later Professor and

Head of the Department of Pali and Buddhist Civilization

at the University of Kelaniya. He is at present Editorial

Adviser to the Encyclopaedia of Buddhism and Professor

Emeritus of the University of Peradeniya. His publications

include The Inception of Discipline and the Vinayanidāna (1962),

The Epochs of the Conqueror (1968), and The Story of Gotama

Buddha (1990).

vii

Anuradha Seneviratna is Professor of Sinhala at the University

of Peradeniya. His publications include The Springs of Sinhala

Civilization (1989), Buddhist Monastic Architecture in Sri Lanka

(1992), Mahintale: Dawn of a Civilization (1993), and a two-

volume work on the Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic (1987,

1990).

John S. Strong is Associate Professor of Religion at Bates College,

U.S.A., and author of The Legend of King Aśoka (1983) and

The Legend and Cult of Upagupta.

Romila Thapar is Professor of Ancient Indian History at the

Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University

in New Delhi. Her publications include Aśoka and the Decline

of the Mauryas (1961), A History of India, Vol. I (1984), and

From Lineage to State (1984).

viii

Contents

The Contributors ....................................................................................................................... vi

Editor’s Preface .......................................................................................................................... xi

Editor’s Note ............................................................................................................................. xii

Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... xiii

1 Aśoka — The Great Upāsaka

RICHARD GOMBRICH ................................................................................................. 1

1. Aśoka’s Inscriptions ........................................................................................ 2

2. Aśoka in Buddhist Tradition ..................................................................... 6

3. The Missions: Interpreting the Evidence ......................................... 10

Notes ........................................................................................................................... 13

2 Aśoka and Buddhism as Reflected in the Aśokan Edicts

ROMILA THAPAR ......................................................................................................... 15

3 Emperor Aśoka and Buddhism:

Unresolved Discrepancies between

Buddhist Tradition & Aśokan Inscriptions

ANANDA W.P. GURUGE ......................................................................................... 37

1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 37

2. Conversion of Aśoka to Buddhism ..................................................... 42

3. When, How and by Whom? ................................................................... 46

4. Major Discrepancies in Events and Dates ....................................... 49

5. Historical Reliability of Rock Edict XIII ........................................... 54

6. Aśoka’s Role in the

Propagation of Buddhism in his Empire ........................................ 63

7. Foreign Missions of Aśoka ......................................................................... 70

8. Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 79

Notes .......................................................................................................................... 84

4 Aśoka’s Edicts and the Third Buddhist Council

N.A. JAYAWICKRAMA ............................................................................................... 92

Notes ........................................................................................................................ 106

5 Aśoka and the Emergence

of a Sinhala Buddhist State in Sri Lanka

ANURADHA SENEVIRATNA .................................................................................. 111

1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 111

2. Sources .............................................................................................................. 112

3. The Mission to Sri Lanka: Brief Account ....................................... 115

4. The Political Background ...................................................................... 118

5. The Sri Lanka-Kalinga Tie ..................................................................... 122

6. Aśoka and Tissa ........................................................................................... 125

7. The Advent of Mahinda .......................................................................... 130

8. Saṅghamittā and the Bodhi Tree ...................................................... 132

9. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 135

Notes ........................................................................................................................ 137

6 Images of Aśoka:

Some Indian and Sri Lankan

Legends and their Development

JOHN S. STRONG ..................................................................................................... 141

A. The Early Traditions ......................................................... 146

1. The Gift of Honey and the Gift of Dirt ......................................... 146

2. The Fate of the Bodhi Tree .................................................................. 152

3. The Gathering of the Relics ................................................................. 154

4. The 84,000 Stūpas or Vihāras ............................................................. 157

B. Later Developments ........................................................... 162

1. The Gift of Dirt Reconsidered ............................................................ 162

2. The Legends of the Queens ................................................................ 165

3. The Collection of Relics: A New Story .......................................... 168

4. The 84,000 Stūpas Once More ........................................................... 170

Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 173

Notes ........................................................................................................................ 174

7 Emperor Aśoka’s Place in History:

A Review of Prevalent Opinions

ANANDA W.P. GURUGE ...................................................................................... 182

1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 182

2. Aśoka in the Mainstream Indian Tradition and Literature 184

3. Aśoka of the Northern Buddhist Sources ................................... 188

4. Aśoka of the Sri Lankan Pali Sources ............................................ 195

5. Aśoka of Edicts and Inscriptions ...................................................... 201

6. Aśoka in the Eyes of Recent Writers & Scholars ..................... 203

7. Aśoka and the Decline and Fall of the Mauryan Empire .. 217

8. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 221

Notes ........................................................................................................................ 224

Maps

Aśoka’s Indian Empire ................................................................................................. 235

Areas to which Buddhist Missions were sent ............................................. 236

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