Emerging Viruses-Aids & Ebola - By Leanard Horowitz

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EMERGINGVIRUSES:AIDS&

EBOLA

Nature,AccidentorIntentional?



Tetrahedron,Inc.1996.



LeonardG.Horowitz,D.M.D.,M.A.,M.P.H.

ForewardbyW.JohnMartin,M.D.,Ph.D.

"To do evil a human being must first of all believe that what he's

doing is good . . .

Ideology - that is what gives devildoing its long-sought

justification and gives the evildoer the necessary steatfastness

and determination. That is the social theory Which helps to make

his acts seem good instead of bad in his own and others' eyes, so

that he won't hear reproaches and curses but will receive praise

and honors."

-Russian dissident Alexander Solzhenitsyn

DEDICATED TO THE SEEKERS OF TRUTH

and to those who, regardless of risk, labor tirelessly to tell it.

TotheReader

THIS BOOK is painfully nonfiction - the story is true, the

characters, scientific and political, are real. Secondary references

have been checked and authenticated.

Since the importance of this information was clear, I labored to

write for both critical health scientists and intelligent lay readers

without losing either. Technical words are explained in lay terms

for all to better understand.

Though many people - black, white, gay, straight, Jew and

gentile - may wish to deny the implications of this work, the truth

is the truth. As British statesman Edmund Burke said in the wake

of the American revolution, "People never give up their liberties

but under some delusion." Perhaps now, as AIDS consumes the

lives, liberties, and pursuits of an estimated 30 million HIV-

positive people worldwide, the time has come to vanquish our

delusions about it and its origin.

Despite its social and scientific importance, the origin of HIV has

been clouded in mystery. Based on the mass of circumstantial

and scientific evidence presented herein, the theory that

"emerging viruses" like HIV and Ebola spontaneously evolved

and naturally jumped species from monkey to man must be

seriously questioned.

There is an old saying in medicine, that diagnosis is required

before treatment. The facts presented here, easily verified, may

help diagnose the man-made origin of the world's most feared

and deadly viruses. It is hoped this work will, therefore, help

redirect AIDS science in search of a cure, free AIDS victims

from the guilt and stigma attached to the disease, as well as

prevent such "emerging viruses" from reemerging.

I offer this investigation into the orgin of AIDS and Ebola for

critical review in the hope that it may also contribute to greater

honesty in science, to political, military, and intelligence

community reforms that are truly peace loving, and to self and

social reflection as a preventative against inhumanity.

-LEONARD G. HOROWITZ

Foreword

All at once, it seems, new viruses and virus-related diseases have

threatened the health of humans and many animal species. How

did this situation arise? Could it be that scientific studies and the

emergence of new pathogens are not totally unrelated events? In

writing this text, Dr. Horowitz has bravely questioned the extent

to which scientific research and lax government oversight may

have contributed to the present and coming plagues.

Open debate on this issue has been soundly discouraged.

Opponents to open dialogue on the apparent relationship between

early viral research and the latest germ discoveries argue that

little good, and considerable harm, would come from a full

disclosure of the facts. Exposing the truth, many believed, would

likely: I) tarnish the reputations of certain scientists, 2) make it

more difficult to maintain science funding, 3) promote

antigovernment sentiment, and 4) likely leave many issues

unresolved. Others argued that it was simply too late to undo past

mistakes. The fact that a better understanding of the new viruses'

origins could lead to new treatment approaches, and, more

importantly, to ways of preventing future outbreaks, was

disregarded.

In considering the recent genesis of HIV and the Ebola viruses,

Dr. Horowitz's book has explored three areas of great general and

scientific interest: 1) the history of intensive research into the

viral causes of cancer wherein readers can become familiar with

the many, now questionable, virus transmission experiments, 2)

the CIA and Department of Defense efforts to develop and

defend against biological weapons of germ warfare. Here Dr.

Horowitz should be especially congratulated for presenting well-

researched little known facts that, though highly disturbing, are

an important piece of history that may also bear heavily on the

emergence of new viruses, and 3) vaccine production. Clearly, as

anyone who reads this book will conclude, there is a great need

for more open dialogue concerning the past and present risks

inherent in the production of live viral vaccines. It is this topic

that I am pleased to address here.

In 1798, Edward Jenner, an English physician advanced the use

of cowpox (vaccinia) virus for immunizing humans against

smallpox. He recognized that pathogens can behave differently

while infecting different species. Indeed, he theorized that the

vaccinia infection, which caused mild problems for cows, caused

more severe ailments in horses. Only after adapting to cows, did

vaccinia acquire limited infectivity for humans. The open sores

that humans developed were far less severe than those induced by

smallpox (variola) virus and essentially remained localized to the

site of inoculation. Moreover, contact with vaccinia virus caused

individuals to become virtually immune to the widespread

disease caused by the small-pox virus. The success of vaccination

is reflected in today's total elimination of smallpox as a disease.

Jenner's vaccination approach was followed in the twentieth

century by Pasteur's use of rabies virus grown in rabbit's brain,

and by Theiler's finding that he could reduce the effect of yellow

fever virus by growing it in chicken embryos.

These successes set the precedent for other scientists to attempt

to reduce the pathogenicity of other human and animal viruses by

inoculating them into foreign species. Although we now look

back with some disdain at the crudeness of early immunization

experiments - such as the 1938 injections of polio virus, grown in

mouse brains, into humans, most people, including scientists, are

unaware that we still use primary monkey kidney cells to produce

live polio virus vaccine. Likewise, dog and duck kidney cells

were used to make licensed rubella vaccines. Experimental

vaccines, grown in animal tissues and intended for human use,

were commonly tested in African monkeys, and it is likely that

many of these monkeys were released back into the wild. This

practice may have led to the emergence of primate diseases, some

of which could have been transmitted back to humans.

Large numbers of rural Africans were also chosen as test

recipients of experimental human vaccines.

In veterinary medicine, live viral vaccines have been widely used

in domestic pets and in animals destined to become part of the

food-chain. Undoubtedly, many cross-species transfer of viruses

have occurred in the process. Even today, more than ten foreign

species are used to produce currently licensed vaccines for cats

and dogs.

The general acceptance of the safety of cross-species produced

vaccines was supported in part by the generalization that there

are inherent restrictions to the interspecies spread of disease.

Thus, like vaccinia, most viruses are less hanmful, but others can

be far more dangerous after invading a foreign host. One

dramatic example is that of the human infection caused by the

herpes-type monkey B virus. This germ remains a rather

harmless invader of monkeys, but place it in humans, and

striking, severe, acute illness results which commonly ends in

death. Likewise, a modified horse-measles-virus (morbillivirus)

can be lethal to man. Other examples include the relatively mild

dog distemper morbillivirus that was blamed for the death of

some 3,000 lions in the Serengeti; the cat-adapted parvovirus that

caused worldwide infection in dogs; and the mouse-derived

lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus that caused severe hepatitis

in monkeys.

It is the slow onset of disease that can be particularly baffling,

especially when considering potential viral diseases transmitted

through vaccines. Most acute diseases are relatively easy to

recognize and amenable to further prevention. The delayed onset

of chronic debilitating diseases that could be associated with

animal viruses finding their way into a new species, e.g., man,

are much more challenging. Here, the association between the

germ and the symptoms it causes is obscured. Such an

association would be especially hard to establish if the clinical

features presented during the illness are poorly defned and mimic

those of other known ailments. One example is the 1996 concern

over the food-borne transmission of the prion disease scrapie.

Initially carried by infected sheep, this protein caused bovine

spongiform encepalopathy in "mad" cows. Then it was

apparently passed on to humans resulting in juvenile Crutzfeldt-

Jakob disease.

While in some cases disease transmission has been traced to

certain vaccine lots, other times, even widely distributed licensed

vaccines have been found to be contaminated. Yellow fever

vaccine was known to contain avian leukosis virus.(* Editor's

note: This is the retrovirus that causes leukemia in chickens.)

During World War II, batches of yellow fever vaccines were

inadvertently also contaminated with hepatitis B virus. Current

measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccines contain low levels of

reverse transcriptase, an enzyme associated with retroviruses.

Both Salk and Sabin polio vaccines made from rhesus monkeys

contained live monkey viruses called SV40, short for the fortieth

monkey virus discovered. As Dr. Horowitz documents, polio

vaccines may also have contained numerous other monkey

viruses, some of which may have provided some building blocks

for the emergence of HIV-l and human AIDS.

The finding of SV40 in rhesus monkey kidney cells, during the

early 1960s, led to a rapid switch to Mrican green monkeys for

polio vaccine production. Kidney cells from African green

monkeys, still being used to produce live polio vaccines today,

may have been infected with monkey viruses that were not easily

detectable. The monkeys used before 1980, for example, were

likely to have been infected with simian immunodeficiency virus

(SIV)-a virus genetically related to HIV-l. The origin of this virus

and whether it contaminated any experimental vaccines are issues

that need addressing.

What makes vaccines so troublesome is that their production and

administration allows viral contamination to breach the two

natural barriers that often restrict cross-species infections:

First is the skin. Direct inoculation of vaccines breaches this

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摘要：

EMERGING VIRUSES: AIDS & EBOLA Nature, Accident or Intentional? Tetrahedron, Inc. 1996. Leonard G. Horowitz, D.M.D., M.A., M.P.H. Foreward by W. John Martin, M.D., Ph.D. "Todoevilahumanbeingmustfirstofallbelievethatwhathe'sdoingisgood...Ideology-thatiswhatgivesdevildoingitslong-soughtjustification...

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