Modeling and Analysis of Grid Tied Combined Ultracapacitor Fuel Cell for Renewable Application

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Modeling
and
Analysis
of
Grid Tied Combined
Ultracapacitor Fuel Cell for Renewable Application
1
Webster Adepoju, Student Member, IEEE, 1
Indranil Bhattacharya, Member, IEEE
20lufunke Mary Sanyaolu
1
Department
of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tennessee Technological University,
2
Department
of
Material Science, University
of
Johannesburg
Cookeville, 38505, TN, USA
woadepoju42@tntech.edu, ibhatacharya@tntech.edu
Abstract-In
this manuscript, the performance
of
an ultraca-
pacitor fuel cell in grid connected mode
is
investigated. Voltage
regulation
to
the ultracapacitor was achieved with a three
level bidirectional DC-DC converter while also achieving power
flow from the grid
to
the ultra-capacitor via the bidirectional
converter. The choice
of
a bidirectional three level converter for
voltage regulation is based on its inherently high efficiency, low
harmonic profile and compact size. Using the model equations
of
the converter and grid connected inverter derived using the
switching function approach, the grid's direct and quadrature
axes modulation indices,
Md
and
Mq,
respectively were simulated
in Matlab for both lagging and leading power factors. Moreover,
the values
of
Md
and Mq were exploited in a PLECS based
simulation
of
the proposed model
to
determine the effect
of
power
factor correction
on
the current and power injection
to
grid.
Index Terms-Ultracapacitor, Inverter, Three level bidirec-
tional DC-DC converter, Fuel cell, PLECS, Matlab
I.
INTRODUCTION
IN recent times, the quest for clean and emission-free energy
generation has culminated in an increased penetration of
renewable and distributed energy sources. Wind, tidal, solar,
fuel cells and ultracapacitors are some
of
the renewable energy
sources already explored to a commercially advanced stage.
Conventional energy sources in the form
of
fossil fuels are
inherently laden with dangerous pollutants, effectively threat-
ening the the earth's eco-system [1]-[3]. While solar and wind
power generation are affected by wind speed, insufficient solar
irradiation, shading and temperature of the solar panel, fuel
cells are preferred due their efficient and emission-free means
of
power generation.
In
addition, advances in fabrication
technology coupled with increase in the storage capacity of
batteries give it a competitive edge over other existing power
generation sources, especially in the face of rising power
demand both for domestic and industrial use. Further, the quest
for reduction in carbon footprint coupled with its capability
for high power density makes it a first in line industry-
choice for vehicular applications, controlled electric drive and
uninterruptible power supplies etc.
In
essence, they can be
thought of
as
a battery bank or
an
ultracapacitor for charging
and discharging operation [ 4]. It worth mentioning that even
though fuel cells are popular for the aforementioned advan-
tages, they are largely incapable
of
fast and rapid adjustment to
electrical load transient. The above drawback can be attributed
to their inherently slow electro-chemical and thermodynamic
responses.
While ultra-capacitor have been widely researched and pub-
lished in literature, there
is
no
extant research that effectively
describes the dynamic and steady state behavior of ultra-
capacitor in a grid connected scenario. The main contribution
of
the work borders on the derivation of the dynamic and
steady state mathematical model
of
an ultra-capacitor fuel cell
in grid connected mode. In a system with high penetration
of
large loads, the adoption of DC-DC converter will be key to
actualizing high power gain while increasing the conversion
efficiency
of
the fuel cell.
To
this end, this manuscript presents
a detailed dynamic and steady state mathematical models
of
a
grid connected ultra-capacitor battery bank.
In
order to achieve
this, a three-level bidirectional (TLB) buck-boost converter
is interfaced in series with an ultra-capacitor fuel cells for
efficient device operation. TLB has been proposed in different
literature for various applications [l]-[4]. In [1], a TLB
bidirectional converter was harnessed for operation
of
electric
vehicles (EV) while the charging and discharging
of
ultra-
capacitor based on a bidirectional TLB converter is embraced
in
[3], [4].
In addition, a novel dynamic and steady state
model
of
fuel cells based on electrical circuits is proposed in
[2]. In contrast with most classical DC-DC converters, a TLB
converter has the advantage
of
dual operation and seamless
transition between the buck and boost mode. This feature
can be exploited for charging and discharging
of
a battery
system.
In
line with the design proposed in this work, the ultra-
capacitor fuel storage is charged and discharged depending
on the current operating mode
of
the proposed TLB buck
boost converter. Conventional DC-DC converters, including
Cuk converter, boost converter [5],
[6]
etc. have inherent
performance limitations, arising from high voltage and current
ripples, coupled with large harmonic content resulting from
switching losses. It is noteworthy that in an ultra-capacitor-
TLC-inverter connection, the power
flows
from the grid to
the converter and then to the ultra-capacitor/battery bank.
Inherently, the charged ultra-capacitor serves
as
an energy
repository for future use. Hence, in a grid-outage scenario,
the inherent bidirectional operation
of
the converter comes in
handy in changing the sequence of power
flow
from the battery
bank
to
grid [7]-[9].
978-1-6654-0929-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE 516
S!..1-
'':.
C,
._
____
____.J..___.}r.__......_
_
___._
__
~
Fig.
1.
Proposed Fuel Cell, Bidirectional Multilevel Buck Boost Converter and a Three Phase DC-AC Converter
The remainder
of
this manuscript is structured
as
follows:
Section II presents a comprehensive model derivation
of
the
TLC converter's voltage gain coupled with the stationary
reference frame (abc) to synchronous reference frame (dqo)
transformation
of
the model's DC-AC converter. Further, a
comprehensive mathematical derivation, analysis and descrip-
tion
of
the dynamic and steady state equations
of
the proposed
system is evaluated. This includes the d-axis and q-axis mod-
ulation indices and transformation from abc to qdo reference
frames. The combined structure
of
the derived dynamic and
steady state equations are scripted in Matlab to evaluate the
modulation indices coupled with the real and active power
injected into the grid. In section
IV,
a detailed analysis and
discussion
of
the PLECS and Matlab based simulation results
is presented. below. TABLE I
LOOK
UP
TABLE OF THE CONVERTER SWITCHING STATE
S1
S2 S3
S4
Switching State Mode
0 1 1 0
SA=
S2S3 Mode I
0 I 0 I
SB=
S2S4 Mode II
I 0 I 0
Sc=
S1S3 Mode III
I 0 0 I
SD=
S1S4 Mode
IV
II.
SYSTEM
DESCRIPTION
AND
MODELING
A. Three Level Buck-Boost Converter Modeling
In this section, a comprehensive mathematical derivation
of
the switch ON and OFF states
of
the proposed TLB converter
is presented. Table I shows the various switching states
of
the converter for all the possible modes
of
operation. Further,
the complete model representation
of
the proposed TLB is as
shown in Fig.
1.
The section to the left depicts a TLB buck
boost converter. The four operational modes
of
the proposed
system are analyzed below:
MODE
I:
S2
and
S3
ON, S1 and
S4
OFF
L
dl
=
V.
dt
s
C
dVc1
_ - I
i
dt
-o
C
dVc2
_ - I
2
dt
-o
MODE II:
S2
and S4 ON, S1 and
S3
OFF
(1)
(2)
(3)
Fig. 2. Mode I
Fig.
3.
Mode
II
dI
Ldt
=Vs-Vc2
C
d½1
-
-I
i
dt
-o
C
dVc2
-I
-I
2
dt
-L o
MODE III: S1 and
S3
ON,
S2
and
S4
dI
L
dt
=
Vs
-Vc1
C
dVc1
-I
-I
1
dt
-L o
C d¼,2 -
-I
2
dt
-o
MODE
IV:
S1 and
S4
ON,
S2
and
S3
+
Va
L
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
517
摘要：

ModelingandAnalysisofGridTiedCombinedUltracapacitorFuelCellforRenewableApplication1WebsterAdepoju,StudentMember,IEEE,1IndranilBhattacharya,Member,IEEE20lufunkeMarySanyaolu1DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,TennesseeTechnologicalUniversity,2DepartmentofMaterialScience,UniversityofJohannesb...

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