EU COST ACTION ON FUTURE GENERATION OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES -

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EU COST ACTION ON FUTURE

GENERATION OPTICAL WIRELESS

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES -

NEWFOCUS CA19111

A White Paper

https://www.newfocus-cost.eu/action/

July 2022

Contents

1. Introduction

M-A Khalighi and Z Ghassemlooy

2. Optical Wireless Communication – The Context

Z Ghassemlooy, A-M Khalighi, S Zvanovec, N Stevens, L N Alves, and A Shrestha

3. Visible Light Communications for Intelligent Transportation Systems

M Uysal

4. On the use of Visible Light Communications in Intelligent Transportation Systems –

From Road Vehicles to Trains

A M Vegni

5. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles with Lightwave Technology for 6G Networks

P D Diamantoulakis, V K Papanikolaou, and G K Karagiannidis

6. Optical Wireless Communications Technologies for Manufacturing in Industry 4.0

B Ortega and V Almenar

7. Virtual Reality

O Bouchet

8. IPV6-Based IoT in 2025

L Ladid

1. Introduction

Horizon Europe the EU’s ninth multiannual

Framework Programme for research and innovation

is the largest programme of its kind anywhere in the

world with a total budget of €95 billion [1]. It

promises more breakthroughs, discoveries, and

world-firsts by taking great ideas from the lab to the

market. The new framework will focus on four

pillars:

I. Pillar 1 – Excellent Science, aims to

increase the EU’s global scientific

competitiveness.

II. Pillar 2 - Global Challenges and European

Industrial Competitiveness, which covers

(i) Health; (ii) culture, creativity, and

inclusive society; (iii) civil security for

society; (iv) digital, industry and space; (v)

climate, energy, and mobility; (vi); and

(vii) food, bioeconomy, natural resources,

agriculture, and environment

III. Pillar 3 - Innovative and Inclusivity in

Europe, which aims to make Europe a

frontrunner in market-creating innovation

via the European Innovation Council.

IV. Horizontal Pillar - Widening participation

and strengthening the European Research

Area.

A significant part of Pillar II will be implemented

through institutionalized partnerships, particularly

in the areas of Mobility, Energy, Digital, and Bio-

based economy, which will also have separate work

programmes.

The EU COST Action NEWFOCUS [2] is focused

on investigating radical solutions with the potential

to impact the design of future wireless networks. It

aims to address some of the challenges in OWC and

establish it as an efficient technology that can satisfy

the demanding requirements of backhaul and access

network levels in 5G networks. This also includes

the use of hybrid links that associate OWC with

radiofrequency or wired/fiber-based technologies.

The focus of this White Paper is on the use of

optical wireless communication (OWC) as enabling

technology in a range of areas outlined in HE’s Pillar

II including Health, Manufacturing, Intelligent

Transportation Systems (ITS), Unmanned Aerial

Vehicles and Network and Protocol.

The fifth and sixth generation (5/6G) wireless

networks and beyond are introducing radical

changes to ensure the full realization of the smart

IoT and Internet of everything paradigms

capabilities people, machine, devices, etc. This will

require radically different communication networks,

which are dynamic, sustainable, intelligent, simple,

reliable, and energy efficient. The first paper on

“Optical Wireless Communications – The Context”

by Z Ghassemlooy, A-M Khalighi, S Zvanovec, N

Stevens, Luis Nero Alves, and Amita Shrestha

discusses this and focuses on the complementary

optical wireless communication technology.

ITS combines data communication, positioning,

computing, and automation technologies to improve

traffic management, safety on the roads, and

transportation efficiency, where wireless

technologies play an important role. The next two

papers on “Visible Light Communications for

Intelligent Transportation Systems” by M Uysal and

“On the Use of Visible Light Communications in

Intelligent Transport Systems: From Road Vehicles

To Trains” by A M Vegni gives an overview of ITS,

focusing on the concept and advantages of visible

light communications and optical camera

communications in ITS including vehicular and train

communications, the start of the art in research and

development, as well as challenges and future

directions.

As part of 5G and beyond wireless networks,

unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which are

becoming more mature in technology and with

reduced costs, are considered as mobile

communication terminals with a high capacity,

whereas radio frequency-based wireless

communications may not be able to support it. The

paper on “Unmanned Aerial Vehicles with

Lightwave Technology for 6G Networks Authors” by

P D Diamantoulakis, et al, discusses the concept of

energy-autonomous UAV-based communications

with simultaneous light wave information and power

transfer, the state of the art, challenges, and future

research works including quantum key distribution

via UAVs.

There are many challenges facing the manufacturing

industry, where reconfiguring the facilities is

difficult and expensive when considering wired-

based network connectivity. The use of smart

technologies with wireless communications systems

is helping manufacturers to re-arrange the layout of

the factory floor in a flexible way to meet changing

requirements and products, thus improving

productivity. The paper on “Optical Wireless

Communications Technologies for Smart

Manufacturing in Industry 4.0” by B Ortega and V

Almenar outlines the 5 and 6 G technologies in

industry and the role of OWC in providing data

communications and highly precise indoor

localization.

Virtual reality is radically changing the interactions

between humans and the outside world by building

a synthetic virtual environment to mimic the real

world, which can be used for social sharing, video

streaming, and 6 degree-of-freedom content

streaming, etc. The main issues in virtual reality are

wired devices, limited mobility, insufficient

bandwidth, and real-time support. The paper on

“Virtual Reality” by O Bouchet introduces the state

of the art in virtual reality and issues, followed by

the role of OWC in providing a very high-speed

wireless technology. The last paper on “IPv6-based

IoT in 2025” by L Ladid discusses how IPv6 can

enable and sustain the growth rate of the IoT and

offers a future-proof solution.

Finally, we hope that this first White Paper will

serve as a valuable resource for a better

understanding of the OWC technology highlighting

some of the features, issues, and research works

carried out in emerging application areas as well as

promoting further research, and development in the

successful deployment of OWC systems as a

protuberant complementary to RF-based

technologies in the 5&6G and beyond

heterogeneous wireless networks.

If you would like to participate in NEWFOCUS

activities please contact the Steering and

Management Committees members as well as

Working Groups Chairs, for details see [2].

[1] https://www.horizon-eu.eu/

[2] https://www.newfocus-cost.eu/action/

M-A Khalighi, Chair of Newfocus

Z Ghassemlooy, Vice-Chair of Newfocus

2. OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

– THE CONTEXT

Z Ghassemlooy, M-A Khalighi, S Zvanovec, N Stevens, L N Alves, and A Shrestha

I. INTRODUCTION

Globally, the society that we are living in is changing

rapidly and becoming more data-centric, data-

dependent, and fully automated with the aim of

improving productivity and the quality of life. In a fully

automated and intelligent world the Internet of Things

(IoT) will play a critical role in connecting billions of

physical devices in the fabric of society (i.e., people,

machines, homes, offices, industry, cities,

environments, etc) to sense, collect and exchange data,

and improving interactions between devices across

various sectors, such as manufacturing, the connected

home, transportation, medical, and agriculture. The

widespread uptake of Industry 4.0 and the emerging

smart environments (cities, factories, offices, homes,

etc.) requires wireless IoT devices that can collect data

and transmit them to a central location via

telecommunication networks (particularly wireless

networks). Within this context, fifth and sixth generation

(5/6G) wireless networks are aiming to offer full

realization of the IoT paradigm with machine learning

capabilities for connecting not just people, but also

people-to-vehicles, people-to-devices, machine-to-

machine, sensors, wearables, cloud resources, robots,

etc. Therefore, in such challenging environments, there

is the need for radically new telecommunication

networks with key features of utilizing new spectrums,

disruptive technologies, machine learning, enabling

technologies, energy efficiency, sustainability, etc.

Enabling technologies and solutions include millimetre

wave (mmW) (mostly unregulated bands up to 90 GHz)

and terahertz (THz) bands; cell-free networks; cognitive

radio systems; massive multiple input and multiple

output (MIMO); three dimensions (3D) network

architectures; femtocells & offloading solutions; green

wireless technologies with energy harvesting features;

and optical wireless communication (OWC).

5G comprising of ultra-dense heterogeneous networks

mostly relies on revolutionary technologies such as

mmW, network function virtualization, software-

defined networking (SDN) and network slicing, as well

as MIMO, to make a significant improvement in the

transmission data rates (by × 1000), reliability, latency,

and connection density (by × 1000) compared to pre-5G

systems [2]. 5G is used in a wide range of applications,

which can be broadly categorized into three main service

classes of enhanced mobile broadband (bMBB) with

data rates exceeding 1 Gbps for mobile users, ultra-

reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) with

high reliability (99.999%) and low latency (around 1

ms), and massive machine-type communications

(mMTC) with a high number of connected devices

supported in IoT deployments (up to 106 devices per

km2).

The future 6G wireless networks should serve a range of

industrial applications, such as manufacturing,

healthcare, agriculture, art and culture, intelligent

transportation systems, etc., and therefore must meet

high requirements in terms of communication reliability

(≥ 99.999%), latency (≤ 1ms), scalability (1 Tbps/m2),

energy efficiency and consider the ecosystem too [2].

This will pose new challenges to the service providers in

upgrading the existing communication networks to

ensure compatibility and the quality of services at low

cost, which becomes highly demanding in urban areas,

where front- and back-haul access networks will

increase strain on the existing networks. In 6G and

beyond, the integration of radio and optical wireless

technologies in access networks (front- and back-haul

links) will be critical in providing the requirements,

particularly for bMBB, URLLC and mMTC services.

Regardless of the technology (5G or 6G) being adopted,

there are a few approaches to increase the capacity of

wireless networks including (i) release of new spectrums

and therefore more bandwidth, which is costly; (ii) using

more nodes, which can be done via cell splitting, which

is complex and costly. Note, that doubling the

infrastructure will not lead to doubling the revenue; and

(iii) improving the spectral efficiency, which has been

done continuously over the years, but is slowing down

in recent years.

Most existing wireless communication networks solely

rely on the use of conventional radio frequency (RF)-

based technology to convey information. However, the

RF technology is currently under pressure to meet the

ever-growing demand for the spectrum to cater to new

application areas such as massive MIMO, machine-type

smart communication for autonomous systems,

augmented reality, and virtual reality. Consequently, it

is imperative to investigate new materials, devices, and

front-end architectures for wireless connectivity, as well

as novel as well as revolutionary communication and

computing paradigms. The new potential candidate

technologies for 6G and beyond include reconfigurable

intelligent surfaces, i.e., artificial planar structures with

integrated electronic circuits, which can be programmed

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EUCOSTACTIONONFUTUREGENERATIONOPTICALWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGIES-NEWFOCUSCA19111AWhitePaperhttps://www.newfocus-cost.eu/action/July2022Contents1.IntroductionM-AKhalighiandZGhassemlooy2.OpticalWirelessCommunication–TheContextZGhassemlooy,A-MKhalighi,SZvanovec,NStevens,LNAlves,andAShrestha3.Visi...

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