SiPM module for the ACME III electron EDM search

2025-04-26 0 0 1.8MB 10 页 10玖币

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A. Hiramotoa, T. Masudaa, D. G. Angb, C. Meisenhelderb, C. Pandae, N.

Sasaoa, S. Uetakea, X. Wub,c, D. Demillec, J. M. Doyleb, G. Gabrielsed, K.

Yoshimuraa

aResearch Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama

University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan

bDepartment of Physics, Harvard University, Address

Two, Cambridge, 02138, MA, USA

cJames Franck Institute and Department of Physics, University of

Chicago, Chicago, 60637, IL, USA

dCenter for Fundamental Physics, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, IL, USA

eDepartment of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA

Abstract

This report shows the design and the performance of a large area Silicon

Photomultiplier (SiPM) module developed detection of ﬂuorescent light emit-

ted from a ∼10cm scale volume. The module was optimized for the planned

ACME III electron electric dipole moment (eEDM) search, which will be a

powerful probe for the existence of physics beyond the Standard Model of

particle physics. The ACME experiment searched for the eEDM with the

world’s highest sensitivity using cold ThO polar molecules (ACME II[1]).

In ACME III, SiPMs will be used for detection of ﬂuorescent photons (the

fundamental signal of the experiment) instead of PMTs, which were used in

the previous measurement. We have developed an optimized SiPM module,

based on a 16-channel SiPM array. Key operational parameters are charac-

terized, including gain and noise. The SiPM dark count rate, background

light sensitivity, and optical crosstalk are found to all be well suppressed and

more than suﬃcient for the ACME III application.

Keywords: electron electric dipole moment, silicon photomultiplier

1. Introduction

The electron electric dipole moment (eEDM) is a powerful probe for

physics beyond the Standard Model. The Standard Model of particle physics

Preprint submitted to Elsevier October 13, 2022

arXiv:2210.05727v1 [physics.ins-det] 11 Oct 2022

does not have enough CP violation to explain the matter-antimatter asym-

metry of the universe. This has driven the creation of many experiments to

look for a new source of CP violation. An EDM measurement is one of the

CP-violation searches because the existence of EDM corresponds to a viola-

tion of T-symmetry, which is equal to CP violation under the assumption of

the CPT conservation.

The ACME experiment has twice set the most stringent limits on eEDM[2,

1]. Our approach is to use a cold beam of thorium monoxide (ThO) molecules

in a spin precession setup. ThO has a very large eﬀective electric ﬁeld[3, 4],

which would give rise to a large electron spin precession due to an eEDM.

More detail about the ACME measurement can be found in[1, 2]. In the

next generation of the ACME experiment (ACME III), we plan to improve

the sensitivity about 30 times through upgrades to the apparatus. Figure 1

shows the apparatus for ACME III. A cryogenic buﬀer-gas beam source gen-

erates a cold ThO beam, and hexapole electrodes focus that beam into the

interaction region increasing the number of detected molecules[5]. At the en-

trance of the spin precession region, molecules are optically driven into the H

state for the eEDM measurement, where the unpaired electron spins precess

in combined electric and magnetic ﬁelds. At the end of the precession region,

the molecules in the H state are excited to the I state using laser excitation.

The excited molecules emit 512 nm ﬂuorescence light, which characterizes the

phase of the spin precession, the key parameter in the eEDM measurement.

The peak ﬂux of detected photons at each photodetector is approximately

1000 photoelectrons/µs.

In the previous measurements, ACME used PMTs for signal readout. We

plan to replace the PMTs with Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) to increase

the photon detection eﬃciency. In Sec. 2, we introduce the SiPM module,

which can be used as a simple replacement for a PMT. In Sec. 3, several

important characteristics of the module are described. In Sec. 4, mounting of

the SiPM module to the ACME apparatus is introduced, and a test using the

ThO beam is described in Sec. 5. Finally, we summarize the characteristics

of the SiPM module in Sec. 6.

2. Design

We will employ a 16-channel SiPM array S13361-6075NE-04 (Hamamatsu

Photonics K.K.) for ACME III. Table 1 shows comparisons between ACME

II PMT and ACME III SiPM. Replacing the PMTs with the SiPMs leads

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摘要：

SiPMmodulefortheACMEIIIelectronEDMsearchA.Hiramotoa,T.Masudaa,D.G.Angb,C.Meisenhelderb,C.Pandae,N.Sasaoa,S.Uetakea,X.Wub,c,D.Demillec,J.M.Doyleb,G.Gabrielsed,K.YoshimuraaaResearchInstituteforInterdisciplinaryScience,OkayamaUniversity,Okayama,700-8530,JapanbDepartmentofPhysics,HarvardUniversity,Addre...

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SiPM module for the ACME III electron EDM search

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