新概念英语第四册笔记

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L1
L1
L1
L1 Finding
Finding
Finding
Finding fossil
fossil
fossil
fossil man
man
man
man
We
can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near
East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts
of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way
that they can preserve their history is to recount it as
sagas----legends handed
down from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends
are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of
people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they
did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the
Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from.
The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from
Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.
But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that
even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists
have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the
first'modern men' came from.
Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially
flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may
also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone
does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when
even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared
without trace.
New words and expressions
recount /ri'kaunt/
v.
叙述 / ' rei'kaunt/ 再数一次
record / ' rek[d/ /ri' kC:d/ 第一个音节带重音，名前动后
叙述：
recount : emotionless
重复
describe
depict ：a little emotional
narrate ：temporal&spacial 根据时间或空间顺序描述。
portray
：描述
saga /'sa:g[/ n.
英雄故事 描述的内 容
mostly real
北欧海盗活动
的故事
legend /'ledV[nd/ n. 传说，传奇 unreal e.g robin hood
anthropologist/ 'AnWr['pCl[dVist/ n.
人类学家
anthrop
：人
philosophere :philo ＋sopher| 爱＋智慧＝哲学家
philanthropist : 慈善家（对人有爱心的人）
anthropology :
人类学
带
-gy
结尾的都是学科 ：
biology
生物学
geography
地理学
ecology 生态学
remote/ ri'm[ut/ n. 遥远
ancestor / 'Ansest[/ n.
祖先
an-
在前面
forefather,forebear ，predecessor 祖先
rot/ rCt/
v.
烂掉
leave me rot.
＝
leave me along
rot to death.
soon ripe,soon rotten.
decay 国家民族逐渐衰亡 decompose 逐渐衰竭 deteriorat e
关系逐渐恶化
trace /treis/ n.
痕迹，踪迹
trace the problem
i follow your trace ＝i follow where you go
polynesia
波利尼西亚
poly-
多
polyandric: a wife with more than one husband
polygeny : a husband with more than one wife
flint /flint/ n.
燧石
flinting hearted
fossil / ' fCsl/ n.
化石
cobble
鹅卵石
read of 读到
谈到： speak of ,talk of ,know of,hear of
near east
：近东
mediterranean, south europe,north afric
far east
非限定性从句，表原因
oral(spoken) language is earlier than written language.
precede :
什么在什么之前，不用比较，直接跟名词
counterpart: two things or two people have the same position
oral(spoken) language is earlier than written counterpart.
preserve: 保留，保存（腌制）
如果句中有
only
，那后面的表语结构就要用
to do sth,
而不 是
doing sth.
storyteller: 讲故事的人
fortuneteller, palmreader: 算命先生
migration
：移民 １）
migrant
２）
immigrant
v.
migrate:
迁移，迁徙
migratory bird: 候鸟
none: no body
people
＋
s
民族
if they had any:
即便是有
his relatives,if he had any,never went to visit him when he was
hospitalized.
find out
千方百计，费尽周折＝
explore
modern men :the men who were like ourselves
however －anywhere you want , 加逗号
but,yet －不加标点， only at the beginning of the sentence
therefore
－自由
so
－自由
tool: 小工具
instrument: 实验器械
equipment:
设备
shape:
成型；教育，改造
may also have: 表推测
peel: 果皮
leather:
皮革
hide:
兽皮
cowhide:
牛皮
without (any) trace: 无影无踪
L
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L
L
2
2
2
2 Spare
Spare
Spare
Spare that
that
that
that spider
spider
spider
spider
Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends ? Because
they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the
greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would make it
impossible.for us to live in the world; they would devour all our
crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection
we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and
beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a
fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike
some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to
us or our
belongings.
Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly
related to them. One can tell the difference almost at a glance for a
spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six.
How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf ? One
authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in
the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than
2,250,000 in one acre, that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of
different kinds on a football pitch. Spiders are busy for at least half
the year in killing insects. It is impossible to make more than the
wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures,
not content with only three meals a day. It has been estimated that
the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one
year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings
in the country.
T.
H. GILLESPIE Spare that Spider from The Listener
New words and expressions flocks and herds 牛群和羊群
／
flCk/ the birds of the same feather flock together.
物以类聚
，
人以群分
you are the same flock. 也可指人
herd 多指牛群 cowherd cowboy
throng and crowd swarm
owe vt.
感激欠
i owe you. i owe you a big favor.
欠
issue
oblige indebt appreciate---- 常用口语词 正式： grateful
thankful
beast n
兽形容人野蛮无比，不能用
animal
形容
creature 可以指小孩，女人，不用于男性．
Fraction 小部分 分数，小数 a fraction of rice will suffice
on one
＇
s behalf
代表 ． ． ．利益
I beat you on your behalf.
我打你是为你
好on behalf of somebody /something
e.g on behalf of chinese government on behalf of ＝represent
authority /C:
＇
WCriti/ n.
权威
authorize
批准
authoritative
权威
性的
authoritarian
独裁的
－taria n 带有这种词缀的词都是坏词 dictato r 独裁者 dictatoria l
独裁的
authorities
１．权威（可单数可复数） ２．当局（复数）
census /sens[s/ n.
统计数
据the fifth national population census. censor 审查
censorious 挑剔的，挑刺的
acre /
＇
eik[/ n.
英亩 １
acre
＝４０４７
square meters
football pitch
足球场
football yard football court football field
be content with 满足于 满足作表语，不能出现定语结构
He is content with status quo.
contented heart :
心满意足的人
spare /spZ[/
v.
不伤害 ， 宽恕
spare me He doesn't spare himself.
I spare no efforts to learn english.( spare no efforts: 不遗余力作什
么)
Notes on the text
why, you may wonder
－
you may wonder why
插入语 先不管插
入语，弄清句子结构
you may wonder why spiders should be our friends ？插入语位置
不固定
why
以疑问句 开头
why,you may wonder,the problem of pollution befalls human bein
gs.
why,you may wonder,one of my friends is so kindhearted.
destroy
程度比
damage
要重得多，片甲不留，消灭光
tear into pieces
greatest enemies: 天敌 dying enemy crying enemy
dear enemy
human race:
人的种族，一般不加复数，表示一个总称词
impossible 和possible 永远不要以人开头
It is impossible for somebody to do something.
likely
可以以人做主语 。
i am likely to go. probable
也不以人做主
语
they would 表示假设
devour 狼吞虎咽 devour the food
make a cake of myself make a god of myself devour the book
it
虚拟语气 前面是主句，下面是条件句
前面一般的加动词 devour, 后面用一般过去时
If it were not for: 如果这不是因为
I would not survive if it were not for his timely help.
but for
一定是虚拟语气 ＝
if it were not for
owe 感激，欠 i owe you.
引出主题
all of them put together:
把他们堆到一起 谓语动词是
kill
destroyed
后置定语，重心转到
spider
L
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3
3
3
3 Mattonhorn
Mattonhorn
Mattonhorn
Mattonhorn
Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give
them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is r
egarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at
all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top
because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it had
never been attained before. It is true that during their explorations t
hey often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature,
equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudd
er at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such
excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal--the top!
It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pi
oneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamoni
x, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine villages tended to be
impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mou
ntains. Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridde
n; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelv
e months old, all washed down with coarse wine. Often a valley bo
asted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could
--sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his p
arishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheesemakers. Invariabl
y the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomf
ortable. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sl
eeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps
must have been very hard indeed.
New words and expressions
1
、
alpinist(1.1)/'$lpinist/n
．登山运动员
climber mountaineer
词根： alp- Alps(1.16)/$lps/ n ．阿尔卑斯山 脉
Alpine(1.9)/$lpain/adj
．阿尔卑斯山的
2
、
attain(1.4)/+'tein/ v
．到达
to get to
to arrive at/in
to attain one's goal=realize
to attain the top/peak/summit
达到顶点
attain youth 永葆青春
attainment (n) attainments 成就 accomplishment
3
、
perilous(1.5)/'peril+s/adj
．危险的
peril
（随时可能出现的
）
危险
avalanche 雪崩
4、shudder (1.5)/'M)d+/ v ．不寒而栗
shudder:quick and sudden
tremble:long and very obvious
quiver:excitement ,maybe cold
shiver: cold and nervous
5
、
go out of one's way
专门
by the way
顺
路
too much for me
受不起
6、court （multiple meanings 多义词）
1） 朝廷 朝臣 courtier
2
）
courteous
彬彬有礼的
3
） 法庭
4） 娱乐场 足球场 soccer/football court 高尔夫球场 golf court
5） 追求
6
） 招致 骄兵必败
pride courts failure
7
、
solitary(1.6)/'s & lrt+ri/adj
．唯一的
sol- 独solo 独唱 独奏
solitude 孤独
I live in solitude.=I live a lonely life.
8
、
pioneer(1.2)/?pai+'n+/ v
．开辟，倡导；
n
．先锋，开辟者
9、impoverish(11.9-10)/$m'p & v+rM/v ．使贫困 poor （口语词 ）
罗素名言：
A great many man will cheerfully face inpoverishment if they can
secure complete
ruin for their rival,hence present level of taxation.
许多人会高兴的面对贫困 ， 如果他们能使对手落魄 ， 因此出现
了现在的税收水平。
10
、
coarse(1.12)/k & :s/adj
．粗劣的
coarse throat 嗓子哑
sore throat
嗓子发炎
coarse fare
粗粮
refined fair 细粮
coarse and refined
in a coarse manner
粗暴无礼
11
、
boast(1.12)/b+ust/v
．自恃有
用法：以人作主语，夸耀；以物作主语，拥有
He boasted that of his knowledge.
The center boasts a team of high qualify(qualified researchers.)
12
、
parishioner(1.13)/p+riM+n+/n
．教区居民
parish 教区
13 、shepherd(1.14)/'Mep+d/n ． 牧羊人 sheepshep 羊herd 兽群
14
、
linen(1.15)/'linin/n
．亚麻布床单
Notes on the text
1、Route 路线 Road 道路
2、good sports :stimulus 刺激 thrilling 震撼、兴奋
3
、
regard
regard sb with sth(
感情词
love \hatred\horror\respect)
Dad, I regard you with horror. 爸爸，我很害怕你。
4、pineering days, ancient ( 先人时期 )
5
、
not at all
根本不
case
这回事
6
、
be doing
表达当时的行动（状态）
7、top: 顶点 summit 山顶 peak 山顶
The scenery is at the peak of the mountain. 无限风光在险峰。
I am at the top of the world.
我在世界之巅。
Summit meeting
峰会
8、attain 到达 conquer 征服
9、be of the most perilous nature
nature
特点、特性
the most perilous difficulties and dangers
学会 be of the + adj+noun 结 构
He is the kindest man. =He is the man of the kindest man.
10
、
equipped
表示当时的一种伴随。
11
、
in a manner
以这样的方式
12 、make sb do sth ( 省to 结构 )
13 、at the thought 一想到 ， mention 一提到 ,idea 一想到
这个结构后面加介词
of
原文
即
at the thought of their poor equipment
14 、go out of one's way 刻意 intentionally eye catching 引人注
目的
15
、
the real living conditions
真实生存状况
16
、
nowadays
插入语，现在回想起来，可在句首、句末
17 、except for 把其中的一部分扣除
18 、tend to be 倾向于
19
、
settlement
生存地、驻扎地
20
、
cut off=which are cut off
21 、flea ridden 跳蚤
22 、as they were 可以这么说，插入语 还有 as it were
This book is , as it were, his life portrait.
这本书，可是说，是他的人生写照。
23 、local 当地的
24 、wine 低度酒 alcohol 酒精 alcoholic 酒鬼
25
、
boast
拥有
priest
牧师
shepherd
牧羊
人
invariably=all the same
26 、dirt and poverty ，and very uncomfortable （结构不符合习
惯，不可学）
27
、
course
一道菜
28
、
must have been
表推测
29 、be accustomed to ,be used to + 名词、动名词
I am used to the life in Bejing.
I am used to living in Bejing.
30
、早餐：
scratch a meal
中午餐：
snack
快餐 晚餐：
dinner
31 、the change to
Education brings great change to his outlook/view on life.
教育使他的面貌（对生活的看法）产生了很大变化。
L
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4
4
4
4 Seeing
Seeing
Seeing
Seeing Hands
Hands
Hands
Hands
In the Soviet Union several cases have been reported recently of p
eople who can read and detect colours with their fingers, and even
see through solid doors and walls. One case concerns an 'eleven-ye
ar-old schoolgirl,
Vera
Petrova, who has normal vision but who ca
n also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through
solid walls. This ability was first noticed by her father. One day sh
e came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door o
f a locked safe. Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so man
y old newspapers locked away there, and even described the way t
hey were done up in bundles.
Vera's curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific resear
ch institute in the town of UIyanovsk, near where she lives, and in
April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of th
e Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic. During these
tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen a
nd, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child's game of Lott
o she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on it; an
d, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to make out
with her foot theoutlines and colours of a picture hidden under a ca
rpet. Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had a
similar sensitivity. During all these tests
Vera
was blindfold; and, i
ndeed, except when blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive thi
ngs with her skin. lt was also found that although she could percei
ve things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her hands
were wet.
New words and expressions
1
、
Perceive
察觉，瞬间感觉到的
to make out 费尽心机辨出
I looked thoroughly for my elderly mother, finally I make her out .
Yeah, I remembered, I finally make him out.
I perceive a fly in my teacup.
2、elbow one's way ( 用肘 )挤出
elbow one's way out of the crowed. 挤出人群
L5 No Room in the Ark
The gorilla is something of a paradox in the African scene. One thi
nks one knows him very well. For a hundred years or more he has
been killed, captured, and imprisoned, in zoos. His bones have
been mounted in natural history museums everywhere, and he has
always exerted a strong fascination upon scientists and romantics a
like. He is the stereotyped monster of the horror films
and the adventure books, and an obvious (though not perhaps strict
ly scientific) link with our ancestral past.
Yet
the fact is we know very little about gorillas. No really satisfa
ctory photograph has ever been taken of one in a wild state, no zoo
logist, however intrepid, has been able to keep the animal under cl
ose and constant observation in the dark jungles in which he lives.
Carl Akeley, the American naturalist, led two expeditions in the ni
neteen-twenties, and now lies buried among the animals he loved s
o well. But even he was unable to discover how long the gorilla liv
es, or how or why it dies, nor was he able to define the exact social
pattern of the family groups, or indicate the final extent of their in
telligence. All this and many other things remain almost as much a
mystery as they were when the French explorer Du Chaillu first d
escribed the animal to the civilized world a century ago. The Abo
minable Snowman who haunts the imagination of climbers in the
Himalayas is hardly
more elusive.
New words and expressions
（
good article : five stars
该文写得不错 。 ）
the + n.(s) 表示一类 : the gorilla(s)
scene 场景
in the African scene : Africa as the background
gather palace
聚集地
something of a paradox 自相矛盾（人对猩猩的观
点） contradictory ideas about him
主题句：
One thinks one knows him very well.
问题：
Yet
the fact is we know very little about gorillas.
Their ideas vary 。人们对他的观点相差很大。
For a hundred years or more 一百年甚至更多（包括一百年）
For more than one hundred years
一百多年
西方，动物一般用人称代替。本文中，
gorillas
用
him
代替 。 另
外有 cat – she, dog – he .
imprisoned 关起来圈养
be mounted in natural history museums
陈列在自然历史博物馆
重点句型：
He exert a strong fascination upon(on) Sb. 施加给人们强大的魅
力
exert
…
on
… 施加（压力）
impose
…
on
…
,
例如
impose influence on , impose pressure on
上句可表示为 He have a strong fascination for Sb.
或The gorilla is always fascinating to Sb.
alike adv.
相同，一样
adj.
只能做表语。例如：
The two are alike.
这两人真像。
形容词只要以 a开头， 99.99% 都做表语。不能做定语词。
例如： asleep , awake ,afloat 等
He is the stereotyped monster of the horror films and the adventure
books.
stereotyped –old time 老样子 horror films 恐怖片
film ( 英) movie ( 美)
the stereotyped monster
经典模式
省略主语
and (he is) an obvious (
…
) link with our ancestral past
link with … 与 … 相联系
our ancestral past (n.)
through not perhaps strikly scientific
尽管话说回来，不是严格的科学概念
through 引导的从句主语和主句相同，可以省略。
Eg: I arrived at the meeting , though (I was ) late.
Yet
与
however
，表示转折，意思完全相同。但
yet
用在句首
，
however
加标点，可以用
在自由位置。
重要句型：
No really satisfactory photograph has ever been taken of one in …
Take picture / photograph
照相
of one 定语后置 ， satisfactory photograph of one 。 主要是为了句
子的平衡。 One 指gorilla
in a wild state
在野生状态下
keep the
…
under
…
observation
把某事处于观察之下
keep the city clean 保持城市清洁
close and constant observation 持续不断的观察
Eg: I have to keep the boy under close control.
To
control the boy very strikly.
插入语 ： however intrepid = no matter how intrepid 无论多么英勇
Eg: No man , however intelligent , is perfect.
No palace, however peaceful and tranquil , is a paradise.
lies buried here among the animals he loved so well
埋葬在他所钟爱的动物中间
形容词做状语： lie awake , lie crouched
lifespan
寿命
how long the gorilla lives
因为猩猩的寿命客观存在，所以 live 用一般现代时。
Organ's decay 器官衰竭
Nor
引导否定并列句，与
unable
并列
生活方式：
group living , individual living
智力： intelligence –IQ , intelligence qoutient
CIA – the Central Intelligence Agency of America
CID
–
Criminal investigation Division
重案组，罪犯调查科
All this and many other thing remain (amost as much ) a mystery (
as ) they were.
as much as 同the same as
… remain a mystery the same as they were.
He is as much a musician as a writer.= He is both a musician and a
writer.
civilized world 文明世界
savaged world
野生世界
civilized : to get away from wild life
中文中的 "文明单位 "不能用 civilized , 应该用 model 或
pace setting unit
I'm a pace soldiery
。我是排头兵。
The Abominable Snowman who haunts the imagination of climber
s in the Himalayas is hardly
more elusive.
那萦绕在喜马拉雅山爬山者脑海中的那种令人难以捉摸的雪
人，看起来也不一定比我们研
究的大猩猩更加令人费尽心思 。 （通过侧面比较，引出结论，
一种有用的写作方法）
Abominable Snowman
作比较，省略
gorilla
L
L
L
L
6
6
6
6 Youth
Youth
Youth
Youth
People are always talking about' the problem of youth '. If there is
one — which I take leave to doubt--then it is older people who creat
e it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals an
d agree that the young are after all human beings--people just like t
heir elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a
young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and th
e old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is wher
e the rub is.
When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain--t
hat I was a new boy in a huge school, and I would have been very
pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem. F
or one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that
is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking.
I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and the
y have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of com
fort. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devoti
on to material things. All this seems to me to link them with life, a
nd the origins of things. It's as if they were in some sense cosmic b
eings in violent an lovely contrast with us suburban creatures. All t
hat is in my mind when I meet a young person. He may be conceit
ed, illmannered, presumptuous of fatuous, but I do not turn for pro
tection to dreary cliches about respect for elders--as if mere age we
re a reason for respect. I accept that we are equals, and I will argue
with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong. New words and expr
essions .
sb. take leave to do sth.
允许某人做某事，冒昧做某事
get down to sth.
认真研究
get down to +
名词／动名词
glorious 光辉灿烂的
rub 难题
teenager
青少年
for one thing
原因之一，有一点是 … 连接词 …
for another
identity 身份
air of freedom 无拘无束 air: 神态、气势
dreary
沉郁的
ambition
追名逐利
cosmic being 宇宙人 human being 人
violent 强烈的，暴力的
suburban
见识不广的，有偏见的
conceited
自高自大的
presumptuous 自以为是的，放肆的
fatuous 愚蠢的
clich é
陈词滥调
I take leave to say …
我冒昧地说 …
I take leave to be frank
恕我直言。口语：
maybe I'm too bold
…
or . I'm bold enough
…
or. Allow myself t
o
say …
Take one's leave = take leave
离开（正式用法）
Would you please take your leave?
我很烦的几种表示法：
What a bore. What a nuisance. What a trial What a jerk.
get down to +
名词
/
动名词
例：我开始学习了。
I get down to my studies.
I get down to learning my book.
to- 介词
同义词：
be engaged in
glorious
glory n. 光荣
（rosy ,shining , brilliant , magnificent , gorgeous ）
in one's glory:
在某人的鼎盛时期
in one's day
in one's golden days
in one's prime time
in the pride of one's life
rub
摩擦
at odds 有矛盾
have words with sb. 和 … 拌嘴
Do you get the rub?
Do you get the picture?
Do you catch me ?
Do you get me ?
What's the range?
问年龄
Teenager 14
到
18
Under thirteen.Adolescent: 13 到16
Juvenile 青少年
Youth 20
到
30
Air :
神态（多用复数）
He always puts on airs.
摆谱
Arrogant airs : 傲气 Bureaucratic airs : 官气
Finicky airs 娇气
Dreary
同
: drearisome a.
无味，无聊
Sterile :
枯燥无味
Monotonous: 乏味无聊
Gloomy ： 沉闷
Lifeless:
无生气的
have ambition for going abroad/to gao abroad.
Fish … (wealth and fame)
Chase … (fame and gains)
Pursue …
Cosmic
宇宙
Cosmonaut 宇航员 = astronaut Astro-/aster 天体
Disaster Cosmic place : 大都市 Metropolis: 大都市
Violent nonviolence
非暴力
狂风：
violent wind
暴死： violent death
vehement 猛烈的
同义词：
turbulent
tumultuous
suburb 郊区
urbane: 有礼貌的 short-sighted 目光短浅的
narroe-minded/small-minded
insular
绝缘，目光短浅的
provincial
conceited 自高自大的
骄傲的 conceit(n.)
pride
自豪
big-headed
头发胀的
cocky
自负的
chicken 胆小鬼 sweller 膨胀的 over-confident
people are always talking about ' the problem of youth'.
Are talking _
到目前为止一直讨论
'the problem of youth '
加引号，引用。
-which I take leave to doubt 插入语 "我冒昧的说 "，表示怀疑
-If there is any, 同样表示怀疑
straight forward
开门见山
it is older people who creat it.
— 强调句
let us (speaker exclusive) – Let's (speaker inclusive)
get down to fundamentals
fundamental = basic
基本的
fundamentalist
信奉正统基督教的人
after all – 退一步
like –(介词 )省略了谓语 are
people are just lije their elders
glorious future
光辉的未来
splendid future 光辉的未来（已过去的，对老年人而言）
where the rub is 症结所在，问题就出在这
hatred :
憎恨
ironical
讽刺的，用反语的
uncertain
后面省略用法
I would have been 虚拟语气
Something 重要的东西
You
are somebody.
你是重要人物
So .. as
… 后置定语
出色： outstanding
stand out 站出来，鹤立鸡群
cut figure
崭露头角
one of the things
正是其中之一
seeking = looking for exciting 令人激动的
air of freedom 无拘无束 = carefree , freedom from care
commitment
专注
(to +
名词
/
动名词
)
love = seek
追求
mean
意味着，小气卑鄙
= disgusting
anxious 虎视眈眈的
polish 擦，磨 apple polisher 溜须拍马 bootlicker 拍马屁者
no devotion to
热爱 （ 贬 ）
material things
物质享受
to me
在我看
来（插入语）
life 生机
lifeless 没生机的，死气沉沉的
link with
把什么联系起来
origin
起源
original
原本的
as if
虚拟假设
in some sence 可以这么说吧（插入语 ）
in contrast with 与 … 比较
violent
强烈
= strong
lovely
生动的，完美的
后置的同位语 - suburban creatures
前面用得是 – cosmic beings
mediocre
平庸的
idol
偶像
idiot
傻瓜
conceited 自负
ill-mannered 粗暴
presumptuous
自以为是的
fatuous
愚蠢无比的
turn for protection to 寻求保护 turn to 求助
dreary = boring clich é 沉郁的
clich é
陈词滥调，老生常谈
L7
L7
L7
L7 The
The
The
The Sports
Sports
Sports
Sports Spirit
Spirit
Spirit
Spirit
I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates g
oodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples
of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they wo
uld have no inclination to meet on the battlefield. Even if one didn'
t know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for inst
ance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, o
ne could deduce it from general principles.
Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive.
You
play
to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost
to win. On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeli
ng of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for t
he fun and exercise: but as soon as the question of prestige arises,
as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be
disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are arou
sed. Anyone who has played even in a school football match know
s this. At the international level sport is frankly mimic warfare. Bu
t the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the att
itude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations.
who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and se
riouslybelieve--at any rate for short periods--that running, jumping
and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.
New words and expressions
goodwill n.
友好
prestige n. 声誉
cricket n. 板球 disgrace vt. 使丢脸
inclination n.
意愿
savage n.
野性的
contest n.
比赛
combative a.
好斗的
orgy n. 恣意，放荡
frankly ad. 坦率地
deduce vt.
推断
mimic a.
与 …
.
极相似
competitive a.
竞争性的
behaveiour 行动
pick up 随意挑选 spectatotor n. 观众
side n.
队
word
…
.into
…
..
引起 …… 注意
patriotism n. 地方观念 爱国主义
fury n. 狂热
involve vt.
卷入
absurd a.
荒唐的
at any rate 无论 …… ,至少 …… .
Notes on the vocabularies
goodwill=friendship n.
友好
goodwill games:
友好运动会
goodwill visit: 友好访问
pay a goodwill visit to
official visit:
官方正式访问
state visit:
国事访问
cricket n. 板球 as merry as a cricket( 蟋蟀 )形容心情高兴 ， 快乐无
比
inclination n.
意愿
incline
v.
be inclined to do sth 表示强烈的意愿
I am inclined to take toefl.
willing
show inclination to
follow one's inclination 随心所欲
contest n. 比赛
近义词：
competition game match tournament race
contest:a group of judges
beauty contest 选美比赛
competition:socially 抽象使用
Social competition is fierce.
Dog eat dog.
人吃人。形容竞争激烈。
game:physically ,mentally
match:quite important
China won the 2002 World Cup match.
tournament:
淘汰赛，巡回赛。
race: 以速度见长
cycle racing 自行车比赛
car racing
赛车
orgy n.
恣意，放荡
revelry in 狂欢
I revelry in my success.
on a spree
The girl is on a shoping spree.
competitive
combative- 贬义词 同 aggressive
competitive-
褒义词／中性词
competitor-
竞争者
compete with sb. for sth.
pick up 随意挑选
side
队
patriotism n.
地方观众，爱国主义
patriot: 爱国者 patriotic: 爱国的
involve vt. 卷入
involve oneself in scandal be involved in
prestige n.
声誉
prestigious a. 享有声誉 的
Qinghua university is very prestigious.
近义词 ：
fame renown(renowned
著名的
) reputation eminence
disgrace vt.
使丢脸
grace,graceful-graceless
disgraceful 丢脸 Your essay is very guaceful.
fame-defame
honor-dishonor
stigmaa( 污点 ) vt.stigmatize Robbery stigmatizes him.
savage n. 野性的
inhuman
残忍无比
nonhuman
（非人类的）
mercy-merciless
ruth-ruthless
beastly
combative a.
好斗的
frankly ad.
坦率地
Frankly speaking(To be frank) 坦白的说
candid 坦白的
straightly
直率的
mimic a.
与 …… 相似
mimic- 只用作定语
similar- 可作定语和表
语
Our ideas are similar.
We
have similar ideas.
alike-
只作表语
Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。
behaviour 行动 举止
Behave oneself.
规矩点儿。
attitude n.
态度
spectator n. 观众
audience 听众 audial 听
visual
spectacle:
壮丽景色；眼镜
viewer 电视观众
work …into … 引起 … 注意 …
into
后接表示感情的词
fury n.
狂热
furious a. — 强于 anger,annoyance,aggravation
rage---suddenly & quickly
absurd a.
荒唐的
近义词
illogical irrational senseless ridiculous
r开头的形容词的反义词前面加 ir
l开头的形容词的反义词前面加 il
at any rate
无论，至少＝
at least
Notes on the text
amazed: surprised,astound,astonished
前两个词都可以用作表语和主谓宾结构 ， 后两个词只有表语结
构。
The news surprised me.
I was surprised by the news.
I am astonished to hear the news.
You
should not say"The news astonished me".
hear(watch,notice,see)sb.do/doing
if only:
1. 表虚拟，当 "真好 "讲,后面无任何主从句。
If only I had a pair of wings.
我要有双翅膀就好了。
If only I could fly to the moon.
2. 作为条件句＝ as long as ，后面须有主句。
deduce: 推导
the background of the 1936 Olympic Games :
二战时在德国柏林
举行，希特勒举办的目的为
了宣传他的 national supremacy( 民主优越性 )。 然而 ， 事与愿违
，
本届奥运会出现了
一位独领风骚的田径大王－美国黑人运动员，杰西 · 欧文斯
，
他共获得
4
枚金牌，
让希特勒 disgrace( 颜面尽失 )，后人评论
"the 1936 Olympin Games is a mistake", 而
且称为
political tragedy,
影射希特勒的种族歧视 ， 导致极端的仇
恨，引发二战。
neagly all 基本肯定
green: 绿地
aroused:
被激发起来
frankly:
真正的
mimic warfare: 模拟战争
battle field-fight to win,commander,do your utmost,blood,lose l
ife,machine guns
sport field — play to win,coach ,do your best ,sweat,lose life,h
and leg foot
fury over 对 … 愤怒
virtue:quality
L
L
L
L
8
8
8
8 Education
Education
Education
Education
Parents have to do much less for their children today than they use
d to do, and home has become much less of a workshop. Clothes c
an be bought ready made,washing can go to the laundry, food can
be bought cooked, canned or preserved, bread is baked and deliver
ed by the baker, milk arrives on the doorstep, meals can be had at t
he restaurant, the works' canteen, and the school dining-room. It is
unusual now for father to pursue his trade or other employment at
home, and his children rarely, if ever, see him at his place of work.
Boys are therefore seldom trained to follow their father's occupati
on, and in many towns they have a fairly wide choice of employm
ent and so do girls. The young wage-earner often earns good mone
y,
and soon acquires a feeling of economic independence. In textil
e areas it has long been customary for mothers to go out to work, b
ut this practice has become so widespread that the working mother
is now a not unusual factor in a child's home life, the number of m
arried women in employment having more than doubled in the last
twenty-five years. With mother earning and his older children dra
wing substantial wages father is seldom the dominant figure that h
e still was at the beginning of the century. When mother works eco
nomic advantages accrue, but children lose something of great val
ue if mother's employment prevents her from being home to greet t
hem when they return from school.
New words and expressions
laundry n. 洗衣店 customary a. 通常的，司空见惯的
can vt. 把.... 装罐 factor n. 事实，因素
preserve vt.
腌制
draw vt.
挣得
pursue vt.
从事，进行
substantial a.
相当的
trade n. 手艺 accrue vi. 增长
occupation n. 工作
Notes on the vocabularies
laundry n.
洗衣店
I go to the laundry.
我去洗衣服了。
can vt. 把.... 装罐
can ( 美国常用 ) tin( 英国常用 )
can the fruit
水果罐头
ready-made food to heat it
preserve vt. 腌制
preserved vegetables 腌菜 nutritious
bean curd:
豆腐
保存－
preserve reserveconserve
reserve 预定 I'd like to reserve two tickets.
Please reserve a table for six.
conserve
常用于深林的保护 避免造成不必要的浪费
preserve
保存目的是使其保有鲜活力，保鲜
pursue vt. 从事，进行
I'm pursuing English. 我正在学英语。
China pursues the opening policy.
中国实施开放政策。
还有
'
追求
'
的意思
He is pursuing the girl.
A cold pursues me. 感冒使我精神不振 。 （幽默的说法）
pursuit- 名词 更加正式 in the pursuit of
trade n.
手艺
tradesman
手艺人
craftsman
手艺人
spokesman 发言人
statesman 政治家 politician 玩弄权术的人
Jack of all trades,master for none.
各行都懂一点，但都不精。
Two of a trade never agree.
同行是冤家。
occupation n. 工作 具有最宽泛的含义
occupy
v.
I'm occupied. 我正忙着。
近义词：
employment profession
employee employer
强调雇用和被雇佣的关
系unemployment 失业
profession: 宗教词 preach 布道 pray 祈祷
该词被赋予了崇高的含义 ， 常形容
highly skilled
如
IT ,engineer
customary a.
通常的，司空见惯的
custom n. 风俗 某一个种族或部落所遵循的原则
When in Rome,do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗。
beijinger
哪国人哪个地区人都加个
er
convention(usually accepted):
世界都认可的规范和习俗
tradition: 沿袭或流传下来，大到国家，小到一个家庭
factor n. 事实，因素
draw vt.
挣得
draw money
赚钱
The novel draws well.
小说很畅销。
best-seller 最畅销 Movies draws well. 很卖座。
land money land: 得到 I land very profitable work. 我得到个肥
差。
substantial a.
相当的
只作程度词
considerable 相当的 fair sizable
I draw considerable money.
我赚大钱。
considerate :
体谅的
He is very considerate.
accrue vi. 增长
只能作不及物动词 interests accrue 利息增长
accumulate pile build up amass
都可作及物动词
grow
：增长（不及物动词 ） ，种庄稼
Notes on the text
do much less much far 放在比较级之前表示程度
词
I'm far better.
used to:
过去（一般习惯的动作）
I used to walk for a while after supper.
and : 表示结果
workshop:
作坊 专题研讨会 同义词
symposium
much less :
越来越不像 表示程度词
much more
越来越像
ready-made: 现成的 作 but 方式状语
The meal is ready-made. 饭好了，可以吃了。
go to:
拟人手段
cooked:
熟食
fast food snack canned:
罐头食品
preserved:
腌制的
bake: 烤baker: 面包师 delivered: 传送 doorstep
works=factory (
机械的 ， 大型的
) plant(
大型工厂
) mill(
加工木头
的工厂
) company(
泛指
)
canteen: 食堂（ self-help ）cafeteria( 高档的，餐馆的自助
餐) dining-room: 学生食堂
if ever :
即便有的话也是不多
补全句子 ： …
.if ever,he can see him
……
paternal society: 父系社会
follow their father's occupation 子承父业
wide choice:
大量的选择机会
coeducation:
男女同校
primary school:
私塾
wage-earner: 赚钱的人
bread-earner: 养家糊口者
In your family ,who is the bread-earner?
相对而言，
wage
给
labours
而
salary
给白领阶层
good money 赚大钱
acquires: 获得（ easily get ）
Man acquires the ability to speak.
强调自然获得
obtain
费尽劳力
feeling of economic independence: 经济独立感
sence of honor/pride/responsibility/master/humor/guilt
superiority complex:
优越感
complex:
情节
inferior complex:
自卑感
textile areas: 纺织业地区如英国的 Manchester
it has long been customary 早就习以为常
maternal society:
母系社会
working mother:
职业母亲
more than doubled: 远远超出了以前的两倍
but this practice has become so widespread that the working mothe
r is now a not unusual factor in a child's home life,the number of
married women in employment having more than doubled in the la
st twenty-five years.
the number of married women …… years
是个省略谓语的独立主格句
,
主语与主句的
主语不同。
something 后置定语 be of 结构
smething valuable greatly/smething greatly valuable
prevent from
L9 Curiosities of Animal Life
Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have on
ly to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats t
o see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.
To
get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to s
ome recent human inventions. Everyone knows that if he shouts in
the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come
back. The further off this solid obstruction the longer time will ela
pse for the return of the echo. A sound made by tapping on the hull
of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring t
he time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes the
depth of the sea at that point can be calculated. So was born the ec
ho-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships. Every solid ob
ject will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature o
f the object. A shoal of fish will do this. So it is a comparatively si
mple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish.
With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible
not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other we
ll-known fish, by the pattern of its echo.
A few years ago it was found that certain bats emit squeaks and by
receiving the echoes they could locate and steer clear of obstacles-
-or locate flying insects on which they feed. This echo-location in
bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.
L10 Thoughts in Wilderness
In our new society there is a growing dislike of original, creative
men. The manipulated do not understand them; the manipulators f
ear them. The tidy committee men regard them with horror, knowi
ng that no pigeonholes can be found for them. We could do with a
few original, creative men in our political life — if only to create so
me enthusiasm, release some energy--but where are they?
We
are a
sked to choose between various shades of the negative. The engine
is falling to pieces while the joint owners of the car argue whether
the footbrake or the handbrake should be applied. Notice how the
cold, colourless men, without ideas and with no other passion but a
craving for success, get on in this society, capturing one plum afte
r another and taking the juice and taste out of them. Sometimes yo
u might think the machines we worship make all the chief appoint
ments, promoting the human beings who seem closest to them. Bet
ween midnight and dawn, when sleep will not come and all the old
wounds begin to ache,I often have a nightmare vision of a future
world in which there are billions of people, all numbered and regis
tered, with not a gleam of genius anywhere, not an original mind, a
rich personality, on the whole packed globe. The twin ideals of ou
r time, organization and quantity, will have won for ever.
L11 Spies in Britain
Alfred the Great acted as his own spy, visiting Danish camps disgu
ised as a minstrel. In those days wandering minstrels were welcom
e everywhere. They were not fighting men, and their harp was thei
r passport. Alfred had learned many of their ballads in his youth, a
nd could vary his programme with acrobatic tricks and simple conj
uring.
While Alfred's little army slowly began to gather at Athelney, the
king himself set out to penetrate the camp of Guthrum, the comma
nder of the Danish invaders. These had settled down for the winter
at Chippenham: thither Alfred went. He noticed at once that disci
pline was slack: the Danes had the selfconfidence of conquerors, a
nd their security precautions were casual. They lived well, on the p
roceeds of raids on neighbouring regions. There they collected wo
men as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had made them so
ft.
Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athelney.
The force there assembled was trivial compared with the Danish h
orde. But Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no longer fit for
prolonged battle : and that their commissariat had no organization,
but depended on irregular raids.
So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred did not risk open battle
but harried the enemy. He was constantly on the move, drawing th
e Danes after him. His patrols halted the raiding parties: hunger as
sailed the Danish army. Now Alfred began a long series of skirmis
hes--and within a month the
Danes had surrendered. The episode could reasonably serve as a u
nique epic of royal espionage!
L12 The Language of Hollywood
What characterizes almost all Hollywood pictures is their inner em
ptiness. This is compensated for by an outer impressiveness. Such
impressiveness usually takes the form of truly grandiose realism.
Nothing is spared to make the setting, the costumes, all of the surf
ace details correct. These efforts help to mask the essential emptin
ess of the characterization, and the absurdities and trivialities of th
e plots. The houses look like houses, the streets look like streets; th
e people look and talk like people; but they are empty of humanity,
credibility, and motivation. Needless to say, the disgraceful censor
ship code is an important factor in predetermining the content of th
ese pictures. But the code does not disturb the profits, nor the enter
tainment value of the films; it merely helps to prevent them from b
eing credible. It isn't too heavy a burden for the industry to bear. In
addition to the impressiveness of the settings, there is a use of the
camera, which at times seems magical. But of what human import
is all this skill, all this effort, all this energy in the production of ef
fects, when the story, the representation of life is hollow, stupid, ba
nal, childish ?
L13 Thames Waters
Oxford has been ruined by the motor industry. The peace which O
xford once knew, and which a great university city should always
have, has been swept ruthlessly away; and no benefactions and res
earch endowments can make up for the change in character which
the city has suffered. At six in the morning the old courts shake to
the roar of buses taking the next shift to Cowley and Pressed Steel,
great lorries with a double deck cargo of cars for export lumber pa
st Magdalen and the University Church. Loads of motor-engines ar
e hurried hither and thither and the streets are thronged with a pop
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