ARTHUR C. CLARKE’S VENUS PRIME, VOLUME 4
Unfortunately for would-be colonists, even if they were prepared to tolerate the local two-and-a-half
gravities, Jupiter has no solid surface—or even a liquid one. It’s all weather, at least for the first few
thousand kilometers down toward the distant central core. (For details of which, see 2061: Odyssey
Three. . . .)
Earth-based observers had long suspected this, as they made careful drawings of the ever-changing
Jovian cloudscape. There was only one semipermanent feature on the face of the planet, the famous
Great Red Spot, and even this sometimes vanished completely. Jupiter was a world without geography—
a planet for meteorologists, but not for cartographers.
As I have recounted in Astounding Days: A Science-fictional Autobiography, my own fascination with
Jupiter began with the very first science-fiction magazine I ever saw—the November 1928 edition of
Hugo Gernsback’s Amazing Stories, which had been launched two years earlier. It featured a superb
cover by Frank R. Paul, which one could plausibly cite as proof of the existence of precognition.
Half a dozen earthmen are stepping forth onto one of the Jovian satellites emerging from a silo-shaped
spaceship that looks uncomfortably small for such a long voyage. The orange-tinted globe of the giant
planet dominates the sky, with two of its inner moons in transit. I am afraid that Paul has cheated
shamelessly, because Jupiter is fully illuminated—though the sun is almost behind it!
I’m not in a position to criticize, as it’s taken me more than fifty years to spot this—probably deliberate
—error. If my memory is correct, the cover illustrates a story by Gawain Edwards, real name G. Edward
Pendray. Ed Pendray was one of the pioneers of American rocketry and published The Coming Age of
Rocket Power in 1947. Perhaps Pendray’s most valuable work was in helping Mrs. Goddard edit the
massive three volumes of her husband’s notebooks: he lived to see the Voyager closeups of the Jovian
system, and I wonder if he recalled Paul’s illustration.
What is so astonishing—I’m sorry, amazing—about this 1928 painting is that it shows, with great
accuracy, details which at the time were unknown to earth-based observers. Not until 1979, when the
Voyager spaceprobes flew past Jupiter and its moons, was it possible to observe the intricate loops and
curlicues created by the Jovian tradewinds. Yet half a century earlier, Paul had depicted them with
uncanny precision.
Many years later, I was privileged to work with the doyen of space artists, Chesley Bonestell, on the
book Beyond Jupiter (Little Brown, 1972). This was a preview of the proposed Grand Tour of the outer
solar system, which it was hoped might take advantage of a once-in-179-year configuration of all the
planets between Jupiter and Pluto. As it turned out, the considerably more modest Voyager missions
achieved virtually all the Grand Tour’s objectives, at least out to Neptune. Looking at Chesley’s
illustrations with 20:20 clarity of hindsight, I am surprised to see that Frank Paul, though technically the
poorer artist, did a far better job of visualizing Jupiter as it really is.
Since Jupiter is so far from the sun—five times the distance of the Earth—the temperature might be
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