J.R.R. Tolkien - Elfen Sindarin Dictionary

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— Special issue no1 —
cabor (cabr)n. frog Ety/362 MS *kabr, OS *kapro "leaper" (KAP).
Le
D r a g o n
d e B ru m e
H.I.S.W.E.L.´
O.K.¨
E
www.geocities.com/almacq.geo/tolktop.html
“Hiswelókë – Le Dragon de Brume” is an independent journal devoted to the study of J.R.R.
Tolkien’s invented world.
Editor: Didier Willis, 2 rue Molière, 92100 Boulogne, France. For all correspondence in
France, please join a stamped envelope with your address – For foreign countries, join
an IRC (International Reply Coupon).
Subscriptions: Hiswelókë is an irregular publication. Back issues are perpetually available for
free, in PDF (Adobe RPortable Document Format) on the website. Printed copies may
also be obtained, please contact the editor for price information.
This dictionary is based on the “Sindarin search engine” available on the Hiswelókë website
since February 2000.
www.geocities.com/almacq.geo/sindar/index.html
Preliminary version (January 2001, Mellon release)
First public issue (February 2001, Cabor release)
Lexicon 0.95 (1690 unique words, 2299 entries).
cThe Sindarin dictionary project, 1999–2001
Dictionary compiled and annotated by Didier Willis,
Script conception by Didier Willis and Cédric Fockeu,
Various contributions by Helge Kåre Fauskanger, David Salo, Lisa Star,
Etymological reconstructions cDavid Salo,
Phonetic web font cDon Blaheta,
Phonetic font SILDoulosIPA cSummer Institute of Linguistics.
This work is distributed under exclusive license. Please read the license agreement carefully:
www.jrrvf.com/~hisweloke/cgi-bin/register.cgi?license=show
All rights reserved (French law applies).
Le Code de la propriété intellectuelle interdit les copies ou reproductions destinées à une utilisation collective.
Toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale ou partielle faite par quelque procédé que ce soit, sans le consente-
ment de l’auteur ou de ses ayants cause, est illicite et constitue une contrefaçon sanctionnée par les articles L.335-2
et suivants du Code de la propriété intellectuelle.
BUILDING UP A DICTIONARY
“Creating a dictionary is a long process” wrote Ryszard Derdzi´
nski in his foreword to his own
Sindarin dictionary, Gobeth e-Lam Edhellen1. This is especially true for an invented language
such as Sindarin, when one has to face J.R.R. Tolkien’s ever-changing conception, from the
‘Noldorin’ presented in the Etymologies2to the ‘Sindarin’ exemplified in The Lord of the Rings.
As noted by Edouard Kloczko in his excellent work on Quenya3, the language spoken by
the High Elves had already reached a fairly stable state in the late thirties. Beside a few casual
entries, and notwithstanding small orthographic revisions, the Qenya dialect from the Etymolo-
gies does not fundamentally contradict the later Quenya from the Lord of the Rings period.
Most Tolkienian scholars nowadays agree that they constitute a same language, showing an
undeniable continuity of inspiration.
Conversely, the language finally known as Sindarin presents several difficulties of its own.
When the Etymologies were written, it was attributed to the exiled Noldor who settled in
Middle-earth, following Fëanor in his rebellion against the divine Valar. Henceforth, it was
first named, quite rightly at that time, ‘Noldorin’. Although the linguistic structures had en-
tirely been reworked by Tolkien, the old conception underlied in his Book of Lost Tales was
still valid, and this welsh-inspired language was therefore intended to replace the Gnomish id-
iom from 1916–1917. Despite their differences, ‘Noldorin’ is but the successor of Gnomish4.
Nevertheless, during the writing of the Lord of the Rings appendices, Tolkien decided that the
Noldor should finally speak Quenya – more precisely a dialectal variant known as Ñoldorin
and only differing from Vanyarin Quenya on a fairly small number of phonological rules. The
former ‘Noldorin’ tongue was then attributed to the Grey Elves, and renamed ‘Sindarin’ on that
very occasion.
At this point, the reader will have understood that the ‘Noldorin’ words from the Etymolo-
gies should now be treated as ‘Sindarin’. And indeed, they are included in this dictionary. The
things, however, are more complex than this rapid sketch seems to imply. Not only did Tolkien
change the name of the language and the people speaking it, but he also applied several changes
to its words. Some of these structural modifications, as it will be seen, were made quite sys-
tematically, according to regular shifts in Tolkien’s conception of the phonology of Sindarin.
Unfortunately, Tolkien abandoned the Etymologies shortly before the completion of the first
volume of his famous trilogy, and his later revisions are not documented in any published text
(supposing that he ever wrote them down – he might as well have applied them without record-
1. DERDZI ´
NSKI Ryszard, Gobeth e-Lam Edhellen: dictionary of the language of the Grey Elves as it was pre-
sented in the writings of John Ronald Reuel Tokien, GooldMaggot Publishers, 2000.
2. The Lost Road, Unwin Hyman, 1987, pp. 341–400 (Beleriandic and Noldorin names and words: Etymologies).
3. KLOCZKO Edouard, Dictionnaire des langues elfiques, volume I (Quenya), Tamise, 1995 – See especially “Le
choix du corpus”, pp. 20–21.
4. GILSON Christopher, ‘Gnomish is Sindarin’, in Tolkien’s Legendarium, Essays on ‘The History of Middle-
earth’, edited by Carl F. HOSTETTER and Verlyn FLIEGER, Greenwood Press, 2000.
Sindarin dictionary 3
ing the new rules in written form). They can only be guessed from short notes here and there
in the later sources, and from careful comparisons of words occurring both in the Etymologies
and in The Lord the Rings.
I will not try to list in this foreword all the rules required to migrate the old ‘Noldorin’
words into Sindarin. A few examples are provided in the introductory chapter, and this complex
subject is also better presented elsewhere5. It should just be mentioned here that the present
dictionary attempts to handle all these difficult points seriously. I will leave it to the reader to
decide whether it is a success or a failure.
—❦—
While I was still struggling to achieve this work, a friend once asked me whether he should
wait for its completion, or whether he should try to obtain Ryszard Derdzi´
nski’s dictionary
instead. “Get both of them”, I immediately answered without hesitation. The fact that there are
now two Sindarindictionaries in existence should not be regarded as a problem. They were done
for different purposes, reflecting the understanding and the ideas of there respective authors. To
this respect, they certainly enrich each other, presenting different points of view or different
solutions for problematic issues.
This work initially began as an independent project, whose primary aim was to provide a
complete and accurate Sindarin search engine on the Internet. The entries were produced auto-
matically in alphabetical order, whereas Ryszard Derdzi´
nski arranges them more consistently.
Ryszard’s dictionary also includes all the words marked as ‘Doriathrin’ and ‘Ilkorin’ in the
Etymologies6whereas mine only contains the ‘(Exilic) Noldorin’ forms. On the other hand,
this dictionary provides the phonetic transcription for all entries, and is also more consistent
(or so I believe) in its treatment of misreadings and in its normalization of ‘Noldorin’. Finally,
Ryszard’s dictionary gives Tolkien’s own etymologies, as appearing in the published texts; the
present lexicon includes David Salo’s etymological reconstructions, which sometimes slightly
differ from Tolkien’s explanations, but present several advantages for the study of the ‘ultimate’
form of the language. In conclusion, I hope that Tolkien’s fans will enjoy both dictionaries, and
regard them as complementary.
—❦—
As a final word, I would like to thank all the persons who made this work possible. For
the sake of brevity, I called it “my dictionary” above, but it would not have existed without the
efforts of many other peoples. In especial, Lisa Star (editor of Tyalië Tyelelliéva) and Helge
Kåre Fauskanger (webmaster of Ardalambion) gave me precious advices and encouragments at
the beginning of the project. David Salo sent me his own lexicons, and kindly accepted that
I use his reconstructed etymologies in this dictionary. My friend Cédric Fockeu (webmaster
of J.R.R. Tolkien en Version Française) offered his technical skill in scripting languages, as
well as disk space to host the original on-line search engine. My thanks are also addressed to
Ryszard Derdzi´
nski, Dorothea Salo, B. Philip Jonsson, Sébastien Mallet and the members of
the ELFLING mailing-list, for their support during this long project.
5. Helge Kåre FAUSKANGER’s Ardalambion web site on the Internet is a strongly recommended source of in-
formation. Several articles are devoted to the study of the relations between ‘Noldorin’ and ‘Sindarin’. This
dictionary intensively relies on FAUSKANGER’s work (see pp. 9–11).
6. Respectively interpreted as ‘Silvan’ and ‘North Sindarin’ dialects in the later linguistic context; see especially
Ryszard DERDZI ´
NSKI’s comments on p. vi.
4Hiswelókë – Special issue no1
LEXICONS & DICTIONARIES
We understood the Voice in our hearts, though we had no words yet. Then the desire for
words awoke in us, and we began to make them. But we were few, and the world was
wide and strange. Though we greatly desired to understand, learning was difficult, and the
making of words was slow. [J.R.R. Tolkien, Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth]
Sindarin is the language of the Grey Elves, invented by J.R.R. Tolkien and exemplified in
his masterful epic story The Lord of the Rings. This work aims at being a complete Sindarin
dictionary, addressing not only Tolkien’s fans wishing to understand the elvish sentences from
The Lord of the Rings or to build simple sentences in Sindarin, but also scholars wanting to
study Sindarin for what it is: the complex linguistic invention of a philology professor, and also
a beautiful piece of art.
A few Sindarin lexicons – not to mention Quenya – are floating here and there around the
Internet, but they are generally inaccurate and outdated, beside being usually unimpressive in
appearance. They often consist in mere compilations of the material available in The Lord of the
Rings and The Silmarillion, without taking into account the The History of Middle-earth series.
Most of these lexicons do not deserve to be called dictionaries. Words are listed without any
annotation, indication of use and textual reference. Generally the compiler had neither a real
scolarship in elvish linguistics, nor the will to build a real dictionary worthyof the name. Hence-
forth, there is often no attempt to mention and to correct the evident errors7from The Silmaril-
lion index or from the Etymologies. And when the latter source is used, the so-called ‘Noldorin’
vocabulary is not clearly identified and distinguished from Sindarin. Tolkien constantly revised
his languages, and although the language known as ‘Noldorin’ in the Etymologies evolved into
Sindarin when The Lord of The Rings was written, it underwent several fundamental changes.
Ignoring the ‘Noldorin’ words leaves us with very few words, but on the other hand using this
vocabulary requires some care8.
Therefore, it appears that serious students of J.R.R. Tolkien’s invented languages are in
great need of a true dictionary, that would try to be complete, accurate and consistent in its
7. For instance, the term for ‘word’ is given as beth in The Silmarillion (following Gandalf’s lasto beth lammen
in The Lord of the Rings, book I, chapter IV), but it should actually read peth. The initial /b/ in the inflected
form is caused by a characteristic consonant mutation in Sindarin, called a lenition. The problems raised by
the Etymologies are somewhat different: the manuscript text was in parts extremely difficult to decipher, and it
seems that Christopher TOLKIEN made a few errors or misinterpretations. For instance, hamnia ‘to clothe’ is
conceivably a misreading for *hamma, cf. the cognate word hammad ‘clothing’. Most of these probable errors
are listed on Helge Kåre FAUSKANGER’s Ardalambion website.
8. The Etymologies list the plural of adar ‘father’ as eder,edeir. But we know from later sources, notably
Morgoth’s Ring, that the attested plural should be edair in Sindarin. Similarly, the plural of habad ‘shore’
is given as hebeid, but we would conceivably have to update it into *hebaid in order to use it in a Sindarin
text. This is a simple example, but there are some complex issues involved when dealing with the ‘Noldorin’
material. Some of these problems are presented by Helge Kåre FAUSKANGER in his articles “AE or OE,
Tolkien’s hard choice” and “LH and RH (not to mention HL and HL)”. See also p. 9.
Sindarin dictionary 5
presentation. On a minimal basis, the Sindarin words shall be presented with their definition
(either a translation or an explanation), their grammatical role (part of speech), and the textual
references (books and pages where the word is mentioned). For a pertinent use, cognate entries
and inflected forms shall be related to each other. Probable misreadings should be corrected and
mentioned to the reader. Additionally, information not indicated by Tolkien himself but derived
from his own presentation of the language would make an highly valuable contribution to the
study of the Sindarin language. Among these improvements, phonetics, hypothetical forms and
deduced words9may be listed. All these things I have tried to include in the following pages,
in hope that they will be useful to all readers and students of the linguistic inventions of J.R.R.
Tolkien.
—❦—
9. For instance, the word *gwathren ‘shadowy’ (plural *gwethrin) is not attested in the sources, but can be de-
duced from gwath ‘shadow’ and Ered Wethrin ‘Shadowy Mountains’ (where the loss of the initial /g/ is due to
the lenition phenomenon already mentioned above).
6Hiswelókë – Special issue no1
ENTRY ARRANGEMENTS TUTORIAL GUIDE
The language presented in this dictionary is Classical Sindarin, where this term is to be under-
stood as “Third Age Sindarin as spoken by the Grey-Elves”. It is therefore intended to be the
language described in The Lord of the Rings, but without all the peculiarities of the pronunci-
ation used in Gondor. Indeed, the sounds of Sindarin were not pronounced by Men as an Elf
speaking his own native tongue would have done. In Appendix E, Tolkien notes that /ch/ was
always pronounced in the speech of Gondor, except at the end of words. That change “had
been recognized in a few names, such as Rohan,Rohirrim”. Similarly, “in the Third Age final
/nd/ in long words had become nfrom nn, as in Ithilien,Rohan,Anórien”.
As far as possible, this dictionary attempts to restore the original grey-elven orthography
and phonetics: Rochann,Rochirrim, etc. When several variants are provided by Tolkien, the
most valid form in Classical Sindarin is retained as the main headword.
Main entries
Each word is given with its attested variants between parenthesis, its inflected forms (plural for
a noun, past tense for a verb, etc.), its grammatical role and its definition. A typical entry looks
as follows:
cair (ceir)n. ship Ety/365, LotR/A(iv), X/EI MS *keir, OS *kiria (KIR).
Words immediately followed by a small star ( ) are attested in Sindarin (in that case, see ‘Cair
Andros’ in The Lord of the Rings, appendix A). A word without this sign is attested in the
‘Noldorin’ dialect only (generally in the Etymologies). The ‘Noldorin’ words are also listed at
the proper place in the dictionary when their orthography differs from Sindarin:
ceir cair .
Deduced entries
A few words in the dictionary are not attested in full form in Tolkien’s writings, but may be
deduced from place names or inflected forms occurring in a published text. In that case, they
are printed in italic:
gwathren
,pl.
gwethrin
,adj. shadowy Ered Wethrin
S/432.
Sindarin dictionary 7
Probable misreadings
Tolkien’s handwriting is sometimes difficult to decipher. Several probable errors have been
corrected in the dictionary, according to our understanding of the Sindarin phonology. However,
Christopher Tolkien’s original reading is always mentioned after the corrected word:
hamma- hamnia v. to clothe Ety/363 OS *khampha- (KHAP)
hammad ger.
Etymologies
The etymological reconstructions presented in this dictionary are based on David Salo’s re-
search and are introduced by a diamond ( ). David has spent much of his time understanding
how Sindarin words are derived from Common Elvish. His notes try to extend Tolkien’s ever-
changing rules, providing consistent and understandable etymologies (see p. 15).
Notes and related entries
The symbol introduces related entries, such as inflected forms of the main entry. Each related
word is givenwith its grammaticalrole. This symbol is also used to introduce notes and editorial
comments.
avo imp. of ava- , don’t! WJ/371 Used as a negative adverb before an
imperative: avo garo “don’t do it!”. Sometimes used as prefix: avgaro OS *aba å
(ABA).
Cognate English words
Looking for a Sindarin word in the dictionary is certainly useful for occasional readers of The
Lord of the Rings wanting to understand the meaning of a peculiar Sindarin sentence or place
name. However it may be somewhat frustrating for peoples who actually wish to express them-
selves in Sindarin or to write texts or poems in this language. Therefore, a complete index of
cognate words occurring in the definitions is provided after the dictionary (p. 79). Please note
that these words should not be regarded as translations, as they only occur as part of the defini-
tions. Therefore the reader should always refer to the associated Sindarin entries before using a
word given in this list, in order to check in which context it should be used.
—❦—
8Hiswelókë – Special issue no1
THE ‘NOLDORIN’ MATERIAL
Updating ‘Noldorin’ entries from the Etymologies (as well as a few words from other sources)
to valid Sindarin words is a rather complex process involving several rules.
According to the conventions presented in the previous chapter, words which were not updated
by Tolkien himself are marked as ‘deduced’, and therefore appear in italic in this dictionary.
They are also marked as Sindarin ( ), by opposition with deduced ‘Noldorin’ entries.
nedhu
(nedhw)n. bolster, cushion Ety/378, X/W.
The references include, as usual, the books where the word is given. Moreover, an additional
reference is provided, so that the reader may understand which kind of normalization has been
applied. In the above example, the ‘Noldorin’ word nedhw has been updated to nedhu in Sin-
darin, following the rule ‘X/W’. All these normalization rules are briefly summarized below.
Transcription issues
Some changes are merely orthographic, regarding how a word should be written when tran-
scribed in the latin alphabet.
X/HW: Except in one case (hwand ‘fungus’, where the other variants are also attested), Tolkien
uses the combination /chw/ for several words in the Etymologies. However, these words
all derive from roots beginning in *sw, and should probably be transcribed with a voice-
less /hw/ . They would be written in Tengwar using the letter hwesta sindarinwa
(no. 34). However, Tolkien is not very clear in Appendix E, and his explanations con-
cerning the differences between Quenya (which uses hwesta, letter no. 12) and Sindarin
are far from satisfying. In the dictionary, the orthograph /hw/ has been retained (see also
p. 19).
X/PH: Tolkien uses the letter /f/ to represent the sound finally, as in English ‘of’ (pro-
nounced ). Conversely, when the sound is expected finally (derived from a former
por kw), it should be written /ph/, for instance alph ‘swan’. However, Tolkien was not
always consistent with this rule in the Etymologies, and he sometimes used /f/ for that
sound. In this dictionary, final is always transcribed as /ph/. According to Appendix E
of The Lord of the Rings, medial /ph/ should also be used when for the assimilation of a
former por pp (as in ephel <*et + pel-, and aphadon <*ap- + pata).
Sindarin dictionary 9
Etymological issues
In a few cases, the changes performed by Tolkien may be regarded under a diachronical angle,
as a form taken by the word in ‘Middle Sindarin’ (MS). These ‘Noldorin’words are not rejected,
but are regarded as earlier forms, within the context of the natural evolution of the language,
until it reached the ‘Classical Sindarin’ (CS) considered as the standard in this dictionary.
X/EI: Old Sindarin final /ei/ was changed to /ai/ in Classical Sindarin, although /ei/ is still
restored in compounds: aran, plural erain ‘king’, but Ereinion ‘Scion of Kings’. Several
‘Noldorin’ words in the Etymologies form their plural in /ei/ or /e/, for instance adar,
plural edeir or eder. The former should be updated to /ai/ in Classical Sindarin, whereas
the latter is likely to be discarded. In The War of the Jewels, several words are conceivably
given in their earlier Sindarin form, e.g. Feir ‘Mortal’. All these words have been updated
in the dictionary.
X/MB: According to Appendix E of The Lord of the Rings, primitive “mb became min all
cases, but still counted as a long consonant for purposes of stress, and is thus written mm
in cases where otherwise the stress might be in doubt”. For instance, compare ram ‘wall’
with rammas ‘great wall’.
X/W: After a consonant, final vocalic -/w/ (from primitive Elvish *-w¯
e) became -/u/ in Sin-
darin. See PM/344: “If Finwë had been treated as a word of this form would have been,
had it occurred anciently in Sindarin, it would have been Finu”. But several early ‘Noldor-
in’ words from the Etymologies have either -/u/ or -/w/, showing that Tolkien was uncer-
tain about this issue at that time. They have all been normalized to -/u/ in this dictionary.
Conceptual changes
However, most differences between ‘Noldorin’ and Sindarin can only be explained as major
changes in Tolkien’s conception of the phonology of the language. Some changes undoubtedly
enter in this category (for instance ‘X/IU’). A few other changes could perhaps be explained by
diachrony, although we believe it would seem quite far-fetched.
X/DL: In the Etymologies, the cluster /dl/ in compound words sometimes evolves into /gl/ (e.g.
megli ‘bear’). There are some evidences that it should conceivably remain /dl/ in Sindarin
(see also X/TL below).
X/IU: According to Appendix E of The Lord of the Rings, the vowel /y/ “partly derived from
older diphtongs eu,iu”. This rule was apparently added at a late stage by Tolkien, and
several words from the Etymologies do not follow it (*iu evolves into /io/ in Noldorin,
for instance iolf ‘brand’ from primitive *yulm¯
a). These words should conceivably be
updated (iolf should probably read ylf in Sindarin). Nevertheless, this change remains
highly hypothetical: only one late example is clearly attested, ylf (II) ‘drinking vessel’.
X/LD: The late example coll (II) ‘hollow’, attested in The War of the Jewels where it is derived
from primitive Elvish *kuld¯
a, implies that final *ld evolves into /ll/ in Sindarin. In the
Etymologies, this rule was not applied consistently (e.g. belt is derived from Old Sindarin
*belda). In this dictionary, final /ll/ has been systematically adopted for all these words.
10 Hiswelókë – Special issue no1
摘要：

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