21世纪如何振兴高等教育（英文版）

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November 2017

How to Reinvigorate Higher

Education for the 21st Century

13 Recommendations for Reauthorizing the Higher Education Act (HEA)

POLICY BRIEF

NOVEMBER 2017

13 Recommendations for Reauthorizing

the Higher Education Act (HEA)

Today education and training beyond high school

are more essential to our success as individuals

and as a nation than ever before. Experts estimate

that approximately two-thirds of American jobs

will require some postsecondary education or

training by 2020.1 Of the jobs created since the last

recession, almost all have gone to workers with at

least some college education.2

Americans have responded to these new realities,

and education beyond high school is now the

norm in the US. As of 2016, 60 percent of adult

Americans have completed some coursework or

training beyond high school.3 Nearly 70 percent of

the high school class of 2016 continued directly to

college the following fall.4

ese trends make the federal Higher Education

Act (HEA), which governs federal student aid

programs and accreditation rules for colleges

and universities, more important than ever.

First passed in 1965, the HEA was most recently

reauthorized in 2008 and has been due for

reauthorization since 2013.

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2016201220082004200019961992198819841980

Chart 1

Percent of US adult population with at least some college, 1980-2016

Note: Adult population = Noninstitutionalized population age 25 and older.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Historical Time Series Tables, Table A-1. Years of School Completed by

People 25 Years and Over, by Age and Sex: Selected Years 1940 to 2015; Educational Attainment in the United States: 2016,

Table 1. Educational Attainment of the Population 18 Years and Over, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 2016

(https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/educational-attainment/cps-historical-time-series.html)

Percent of adults with

some college education

Percent of adults with

no college education

Policy Brief

Recommendations for HEA Reauthorization:

Innovation:

1. Allow new models of higher learning to emerge

2. Fully authorize competency-based education and allow student-centered models

of higher education

3. Federally fund research on improving access, affordability, and better student

outcomes in higher education

Affordability:

4. Increase Pell grant funding

5. Create Lifetime Learning Accounts for every American that will serve as the

“bank account” for all student aid, including grants, scholarships, and student

loan lines of credit

6. Transfer management of federal student aid to the Department of Treasury from

the Department of Education

7. Move the origination of student loans to the private sector. Provide federal

guarantees for those student loans where such guarantees are necessary for

affordability

8. Limit the amounts of some types of federally-guaranteed student debt that

individuals can accrue

9. Allow borrowers to refinance their federal student loans

10. Pilot-test alternative funding models for higher learning, such as income-

share agreements

11. Test increased risk-sharing by having postsecondary institutions pay a small

percentage of the value of loans defaulted on by their former students

Accountability:

12. Improve the information available to students and families by having higher

education institutions publish standardized cost and outcome measures

13. Enhance today’s accreditation system with a set of quality assurance entities,

which would certify the providers of higher learning that are eligible to receive

individuals’ payments from their Lifetime Learning Accounts

13 Recommendations for Reauthorizing

the Higher Education Act (HEA)

Higher Education Today

Postsecondary education in the US functions as

much more of a free market than the K12 sector

does. Postsecondary education has never been a

“free” public entitlement for individuals (although

some now propose this). And while public colleges

and universities such as land-grant institutions

are key providers of postsecondary education,

non-prot and increasingly for-prot colleges and

universities have always played a much larger role

than private schools do in the K12 sector.

Despite the federal government’s smaller direct

role in providing postsecondary education, its

impact on the sector is arguably greater than its

impact on K12 education, thanks to its role in the

student loan market. e value of outstanding

loans in the federal student loan portfolio has now

reached $1.3 trillion.5

Nearly 7 out of 10 undergraduates take out student

loans, and since 2010 the federal government has

originated most of these loans. Other important

types of loans include Parent PLUS loans, taken

out by parents on their children’s behalf, and

student loans for graduate degrees.

Members of the undergraduate class of 2015 who

borrowed to pay for their education (68 percent

of them) owed $30,100 on average by the time

they le.6 Most will repay these loans. But those

who failed to complete a degree or certicate (or

who majored in elds that are unlikely to lead

to well-paying jobs) are at risk of default. As of

2015, 10.6 percent of borrowers were in default

and 5.4 percent were over 90 days delinquent.7

Even for those who can and do repay their loans

in full, years of debt and interest payments loom

over their early adult years—times when young

Americans traditionally started families, bought

houses, and launched businesses.

e college wage premium remains high: those

with a BA can expect to earn wages 70 percent

higher on average than those with a high school

Note: Consolidation Loans allow borrowers to combine multiple federal education loans into one loan, allowing them

to make single monthly payments. Most federal student loans can be consolidated, with the exception of parent PLUS loans.

Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Federal Student Aid,

Federal Student Loan Portfolio, “Federal Student Aid Portfolio by Loan Type”

(https://www.studentaid.ed.gov/sa/about/data-center/student/portfolio)

Chart 2

$1.3 trillion federal student loan portfolio (in billions), 2017

Stafford

$720.2

Parent PLUS

$80.5

Grad PLUS

$56.6

Perkins $7.8

Consolidation

$472.3

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November2017HowtoReinvigorateHigherEducationforthe21stCentury13RecommendationsforReauthorizingtheHigherEducationAct(HEA)POLICYBRIEFNOVEMBER20172Todayeducationandtrainingbeyondhighschoolaremoreessentialtooursuccessasindividualsandasanationthaneverbefore.Expertsestimatethatapproximatelytwo-thirdsofAme...

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