RELA_2025_1_Born_Predicting_drop-out

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Born, Pauline

Predicting drop-out during initial training among volunteer firefighters

European journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults 16 (2025) 1, S. 97-114

Quellenangabe/ Reference:

Born, Pauline: Predicting drop-out during initial training among volunteer firefighters - In: European

journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults 16 (2025) 1, S. 97-114 - URN:

urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-327389 - DOI: 10.25656/01:32738; 10.3384/rela.2000-7426.5221

https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-327389

https://doi.org/10.25656/01:32738

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University of Bourgogne, France (pauline.born@u-bourgogne.fr)

This article looks at the drop-out rate among volunteer firefighters during their

initial training. It is based on data collected in France. It uses a mixed approach to

identify profiles likely to leave their commitment quickly during initial training. Profile

data from 330 individuals still in employment and 42 dropouts were used. The results

show that women, individuals with prior knowledge of the environment, and city dwellers

are more likely to drop out, while individuals from advantaged socioeconomic

backgrounds will continue their involvement. Adjustments in communication,

environmental management and mission specialisation could help retain volunteers and

limit the risk of early drop-out. This study addresses a particularly important issue at a

time when the recruitment of volunteer firefighters is posing significant challenges

around the world.

volunteer firefighters, commitment, initial training, dropouts

The volunteer fire brigade remains largely unexplored in the field of education and

training, despite the fact that it is used extensively in many countries to carry out

emergency missions. The available literature raises two notable points. On the one hand,

recent research into firefighter training has generally focused on the tools used, such as

the work of Monteiro et al. (2021) and Wheeler et al. (2021), who have looked at the role

of virtual reality in developing skills for training this population. On the other hand,

research into drop-out in continuing education is rare, whatever the environment studied,

despite some interesting work published in recent years, such as that on drop-out in e-

learning courses (Dirzyte et al., 2023).

Based on the French example, this article looks at the risk of dropping out of

volunteer firefighter training, focusing on the first few years of commitment. Using a

mixed approach, it seeks to identify the profiles most likely to end their involvement

quickly, during their initial training. Official statistics and previous work (Pudal, 2011,

2016) show a certain homogeneity in the profiles of volunteer firefighters, with a majority

of men, young, from working-class backgrounds and white. However, given the criteria

to be met, almost anyone can sign up. At the same time, there is a high resignation rate

during the first few years of service, which in France are mainly devoted to initial training.

This training would therefore not enable certain profiles to be retained in the ranks, and

these need to be identified. This research could provide new insights into the volunteer

fire brigade population, one of the most important challenges of which is to build loyalty,

particularly at a time when recruitment difficulties are high, both in France and

internationally, such as in the United States and the United Kingdom.

After presenting the French research context, this article will propose a theoretical

framework based on the special status of volunteers, on initial training in this activity and

on dropping out of training. The research methodology will then be detailed and will

present the data, the analyses carried out, the ethical framework of the research and the

profile of the participants in the survey. The results will then be presented. They are based

on binomial logistic regression. Finally, a discussion will look again at the risk of

dropping out of the profession and the challenge of retaining the loyalty that lies behind

the initial training of volunteer firefighters.

Alongside their Danish and Finnish counterparts, French fire fighters have the widest

range of duties and responsibilities (Chevreuil, 2010). French firefighters have to be

multi-skilled, providing medical assistance in addition to dealing with fires. Rescuing

victims and assisting people are their primary principal duties, accounting for 81% of all

interventions (data from the Ministry of Interior for 2021).

In France, public policy on civil protection is a shared responsibility between the

State and local authorities: the General Directorate for Civil Protection and Crisis

Management administers it at national level, while the departmental fire and rescue

services manage the bulk of the fire department at local level. Firefighters can be recruited

from a number of different backgrounds, depending on whether they wish to make it their

profession or a secondary activity: military (5% of the total number of firefighters);

professionals, if they are recruited through a competitive examination (17% of the total

number); voluntary, when they work in their spare time, alongside their main job or

studies (78% of the total number). The volunteer system is highly developed in the

country and is particularly important in recruitment in rural areas. Volunteer firefighters

work in their spare time, alongside their main professional activity. To be eligible,

volunteers must be between 16 and 55 years of age, have regular administrative status

and meet medical and physical fitness requirements. Volunteers are assigned to the fire

stations closest to their homes and receive regular training. Volunteers and professionals

do the same work, provide the same service to the public and wear the same uniform.

There is no particular sign to distinguish them during an intervention. Different ranks are

awarded depending on the duties performed.

The fire station plays an important role in the social and fraternal ties that bind firefighters

together. In addition to its functional role as a permanent operational facility and reserve

of available resources, it is also a place where firefighters can meet up and socialise. They

can share moments reserved for commitment (post-intervention debriefing, operational

exercises, training, sports training) as well as time devoted more to relaxation through

various social events. These special activities help to build the group cohesion that is

essential to operational effectiveness. In addition, the fire station is open to society and is

a place where new volunteer firefighters can be recruited.

The status of volunteer firefighter is governed by national legislation. However, the

organisation of the fire and rescue services is entrusted to the départements (territorial

collectivities) and may therefore vary slightly from one territory to another, insofar as

they draw up their own guidelines in addition to national ones.

The activity of a volunteer firefighter should be understood as an occupation rather than

a profession (Meyer & Allen, 1993). French volunteer firefighters are neither members

of a a charitable organisation nor employees. Charitable activities can be stopped by the

individual at any time, whilst employment refers to an activity governed by a contract and

carried out by an individual in exchange for remuneration. Volunteering is at the interface

of the two. It constitutes a unique form of commitment that encompasses both

disinterested aspects such as the underlying spirit of initiative, and elements specific to

employment, such as remuneration (Chevrier & Dartiguenave, 2008). In this perspective,

the collaboration between the volunteer firefighter and the organisation is intended to be

selfless, but a strong connection nonetheless binds the two parties (Chevreuil, 2010). In

France, volunteer firefighters are not remunerated, but rather compensated for the hours

they spend on call-outs. They receive allowances of around €9 an hour for their shifts

depending on their grade. Volunteer firefighters do not generally sign up for the

remuneration, but for some the financial remuneration provides an essential additional

income.

The voluntary fire service plays a central role. Although many countries use this type

of system to carry out emergency missions, not all do so in similar proportions. In Europe

alone there are major disparities.1 In Germany, for example, 97% of firefighters are

volunteers. Their allowance varies from one Land to another, but is generally lower than

that of French firefighters at around €3.50 per hour. In Belgium, volunteer fire fighters

account for only 63% of the workforce, but receive a higher allowance of around €11 an

hour. In summary, the French volunteer firefighter is somewhere in between.

The French model is rather demanding of its volunteer firefighters, who must

demonstrate their skills and availability to carry out all the missions entrusted to them.

They must regularly be on call or on duty, which means that they must be physically

present in the fire station, in the same way as a professional firefighter. On average,

volunteer firefighters are responsible for 45% of night duty and 38% of day duty hours

(data from the Ministry of Interior for 2021). This type of duty, which has developed

considerably in recent years, has become necessary in order to supplement the ranks of

professional firefighters at a lower cost, and to respond to the transformation of territories

and society.

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Born,PaulinePredictingdrop-outduringinitialtrainingamongvolunteerfirefightersEuropeanjournalforResearchontheEducationandLearningofAdults16(2025)1,S.97-114Quellenangabe/Reference:Born,Pauline:Predictingdrop-outduringinitialtrainingamongvolunteerfirefighters-In:EuropeanjournalforResearchontheEducation...

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