1 Opportunities for Intelligent Reﬂecting Surfaces in 6G-Empowered V2X Communications

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Opportunities for Intelligent Reﬂecting Surfaces

in 6G-Empowered V2X Communications

Wali Ullah Khan, Member, IEEE, Asad Mahmood, Arash Bozorgchenani, Member, IEEE,

Muhammad Ali Jamshed, Senior Member, IEEE, Ali Ranjha, Eva Lagunas, Senior Member, IEEE,

Haris Pervaiz, Member, IEEE, Symeon Chatzinotas, Senior Member, IEEE,

Bj¨

orn Ottersten, Fellow, IEEE, and Petar Popovski, Fellow, IEEE

Abstract

The applications of upcoming sixth-generation (6G)-empowered vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications

depend heavily on large-scale data exchange with high throughput and ultra-low latency to ensure system reli-

ability and passenger safety. However, in urban and suburban areas, signals can be easily blocked by various

objects. Moreover, the propagation of signals with ultra-high frequencies such as millimeter waves and terahertz

communication is severely affected by obstacles. To address these issues, the Intelligent Reﬂecting Surface (IRS),

which consists of nearly passive elements, has gained popularity because of its ability to intelligently reconﬁgure

signal propagation in an energy-efﬁcient manner. Due to the promise of ease of deployment and low cost, IRS has

been widely acknowledged as a key technology for both terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks to improve signal

strength, physical layer security, positioning accuracy, and reduce latency. This paper ﬁrst describes the introduction

of 6G-empowered V2X communications and IRS technology. Then it discusses different use case scenarios of IRS

enabled V2X communications and reports recent advances in the existing literature. Next, we focus our attention

on the scenario of vehicular edge computing involving IRS enabled drone communications in order to reduce

vehicle computational time via optimal computational and communication resource allocation. At the end, this

paper highlights current challenges and discusses future perspectives of IRS enabled V2X communications in order

to improve current work and spark new ideas.

I. INTRODUCTION

The sixth-generation (6G)-empowered vehicle to everything (V2X) communications is essential to smart city

transportation systems. Robust wireless connections and cutting-edge sensors will completely transform the safety

and comfort of the existing transportation systems [1]. The future transportation industry will incorporate a wide

range of technologies, including those for passenger and driver protection, autonomous driving, trafﬁc management,

and passenger amusement. By providing pervasive connectivity, secure data sharing, energy-efﬁcient transmissions,

and quick computation, 6G wireless technology is the backbone of transportation industry. In contrast to the 5G,

which is all about autonomous driving, the 6G standard will be propelled by the need to ensure the safety of

autonomous vehicles, facilitate the sharing of more comprehensive road trafﬁc data, implement trafﬁc planning

using augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technology, and support more sophisticated digital content

and gaming applications. Furthermore, the 6G transportation system will offer terabit-per-second data rates, which

are exceptionally high. As a result, the latency of wireless communications can be reduced to under 1 millisecond,

and the packet delivery ratio can be increased to ≈100% [2]. 6G will be enabled by technologies including intelligent

reconﬁgurable surfaces (IRS), terahertz communications (THz), blockchain, ambient backscatter communications,

and artiﬁcial intelligence.

Wali Ullah Khan, Asad Mahmood, Eva Lagunas, Symeon Chatzinotas, and Bj¨

orn Ottersten are with the Interdisciplinary

Center for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, 1855 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg (emails:

{waliullah.khan,asad.mahmood,eva.lagunas,Symeon.Chatzinotas,bjorn.ottersten}@uni.lu).

Arash Bozorgchenani and Haris Pervaiz are with the School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, United Kingdom,

(email: a.bozorgchenani@lancaster.ac.uk, h.b.pervaiz@lancaster.ac.uk).

Muhammad Ali Jamshed is with the with James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom

(e-mail: muhammadali.jamshed@glasgow.ac.uk)

A. Ranjha is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, ´

Ecole de Technologie Sup´

erieure, Montr´

eal, QC, H3C 1K3, Canada, (e-mail:

ali-nawaz.ranjha.1@ens.etsmtl.ca).

Petar Popovski is with the Department of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Denmark (email: petarp@es.aau.dk).

arXiv:2210.00494v1 [eess.SP] 2 Oct 2022

Besides the promise of the above features, V2X communications also faces several challenges. For example,

shadowing effects can signiﬁcantly impact the efﬁciency and effectiveness of V2X communications due to obstacles

like buildings in urban settings or hills and trees in rural areas. Therefore, limited energy reservoirs and spectrum

resources would be the main challenges for large-scale V2X communications in 6G. Future V2X communications

may also suffer with low transmission latency, unreliable wireless connectivity, and/or limited coverage. Moreover,

high velocity vehicles impacts channel stability, having a negative impact on data rates. Accordingly, changing the

position of drones in the air complicates communication even further. Keeping a high degree of energy efﬁciency in

V2X communications while attempting to control the propagation and fading of THz signals is an open question.

Driving safety and communication security are compromised by V2X communications that are unstable. It is

essential to increase the range of communication and strengthen it in a sustainable manner.

The IRS has been seen as a potentially game-changing technology in 6G, with the ability to manipulate signal

propagation and develop an intelligent radio environment [3]. Using reﬂection and programming, IRSs can alter the

phase of incoming electromagnetic (EM) waves, allowing for the redesign of channels. IRS reﬂection can create a

new propagation path around an obstacle that is impeding the direct Line-of-Sight (LoS) link between the source and

destination. In conventional communication systems, re-engineering the transceiver is the only option for boosting

system performance. The IRS adds a new design parameter to wireless networks. Therefore, IRS technology can

be used to enhance vehicular communications and offer indirect LoS links that are both cost-effective and energy-

efﬁcient. Because signiﬁcant performance gains are achieved only when the transceiver is close to the IRS, a

permanently deployed IRS will limit its potential. Given the transient nature of vehicles, mobile IRS is viewed as

a viable option for V2X networks.

Great potential exists for 6G V2X-empowered communications thanks to IRS’s ability to enable beyond LoS and

energy-efﬁcient communications. The IRS promises to help vehicle to infrastructure (V2I), vehicle to vehicle (V2V),

vehicle to drone (V2D), and vehicle to satellite (V2S) communications in 6G networks by improving multipath

propagation and expanding transmission coverage in high frequency bands, i.e., millimeter wave (mmWave) and

THz [4]. The IRS is also simple to deploy due to its two-dimensional plane surface structure. Furthermore, the

passive reﬂection mechanism enables IRS to operate in a low-energy-consumption mode, meeting the green 6G-

empowered V2X communications requirements. Recent hardware and material research indicate that it can control

the reﬂection dynamically, allowing the IRS to perform real-time beamforming and serve multiple vehicles. IRS’s

ability to use reconﬁgurable passive beamforming to strengthen physical layer security in vehicular communications

on the ground and in the air is a major advantage.

This paper describes the IRS opportunities in 6G-empowered V2X communications and highlights some existing

problems for ground and aerial/space V2X communications. First, we discuss various use case scenarios of IRS

enabled V2X communications and provide recent advances in the literature. Then, we present a case study on IRS-

enabled cooperative drone communications in vehicular edge computing (VEC), with the goal of reducing vehicle

computational time using a new optimization framework. Before IRS can be widely used in 6G-empowered V2X

communications, some issues need to be resolved. We underline the difﬁculties so as to provide direction for the

implementation of IRS in terrestrial and non-terrestrial V2X communications. The rest of this article is structured as

follows: Section II contains use case scenarios as well as recent advances. Section III introduces a new optimization

framework for minimizing computational time in the IRS-enabled VEC network. Section IV discusses unresolved

issues and potential future research directions. Section V concludes with closing remarks.

II. IRS ENHANCED V2X COMMUNICATIONS: USE CASE SCENARIOS AND RECENT ADVANCES

In this section, we ﬁrst highlight and discuss different potential use case scenarios in next-generation IRS enabled

V2X communications. Then we study and report recent advances in IRS enabled V2X communications existed in

the literature. In addition, we also present the comparison table of these works.

A. Use Case Scenarios of IRS enabled V2X Communications

The integration of IRS into V2X communications can signiﬁcantly improve the system performance. These

improvements can be achieved in form of security, capacity, energy efﬁciency and coverage extension. Some of

the potential use case scenarios of V2X communications involving IRS are shown in Fig. 2. Speciﬁcally, these use

cases are V2I, V2V, V2D and V2S, respectively. Moreover, these use case scenarios are discussed in the following

subsections.

(a) IRS Enabled V2I Communication

Vehicle

IRS

Vehicle

Drone

Satellite

Vehicle

IRS

(b) IRS Enabled V2V Communication

(d) IRS Enabled V2S Communication

IRS

Fig. 1: Potential use case scenarios of IRS enabled V2X communications; (a) IRS enabled V2I communication, (b)

IRS enabled V2V communication, (c) IRS enabled V2D communications, and (d) IRS enabled V2S communication.

1) IRS Enabled V2I Communications: V2I communications can face the challenges of signal blockage and large-

scale fading in urban areas. One of the traditional methods in such use case scenario is to deploy relay devices

to improve the received signal strength. However, it requires extra power consumption. The ability of the IRS to

intelligently reconﬁgure the signal toward the receiver can extend the wireless coverage and enhance the system

performance in non-line-of-site communications scenarios without consuming any energy. Figure 1 (a) shows a V2I

communications network where a base station (BS) communicates with multiple vehicles in an urban area. We can

see that some vehicles face signal blockage due to high buildings, affecting the system’s performance. In such a

scenario, vehicles with non-line-of-site (nLOS) communications can be efﬁciently assisted by IRS to enhance the

received signal strength and system performance. IRS can be efﬁciently mounted on a strategic position such as

a high building to deliver the signal from BS to vehicles. Moreover, the vehicles with LOS communications can

also beneﬁt from IRS and receive their signal through IRS to further enhance their capacity.

2) IRS Enabled V2V Communications: In the V2V use case scenario, the communications between different

vehicles can be affected by other vehicles on the road and objects on the roadside. Speciﬁcally, the signal transmitted

from one vehicle to another vehicle can face blockage and large-scale fading due to other vehicles and objects

on the road, affecting the communications quality of services between two vehicles. Figure 1 (b) provides a V2V

communications network where multiple vehicles communicate with each other. The proposed scenario shows

that the transmissions between two vehicles are blocked by a high building and vehicle, weakening their channel

conditions. IRS can play a crucial role in assisting the signal delivery between two vehicles and enhancing their

quality of service communications. IRS can be efﬁciently installed on the building wall to provide energy-efﬁcient

and secure reﬂection for incident signals towards the desired vehicle. Other vehicles can receive information signals

through direct and RIS enabled communications links.

3) IRS Enabled V2D Communications: The mobility of Drone can be efﬁciently used for communications in

densely crowded environments such as large cities, sports grounds and other public gatherings to improve the

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摘要：

4TABLEI:RecentadvancesinIRSenhancedV2XcommunicationsRef.UsecasescenarioIRSpositionTransmissionProposedsolutionmethodPerformancegain(objective)[6]DronesequippedwithmultipleantennascommunicatewithsingleantennagroundmobileusersthroughIRSOnbuildingV2IDecayingDQNMinimizingenergyconsumption[7]Taskofoadin...

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1 Opportunities for Intelligent Reﬂecting Surfaces in 6G-Empowered V2X Communications

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