
four years of their careers, even in this period, when markets for short sf were relatively abundant and
editors had many slots to fill. And while it must be admitted that there are a certain number of fairly trivial
gimmick stories in this book, the majority of them already show many of the unique virtues of Dick's
more mature work, and even the least of them are written in his unmistakable voice.
Considering that they were written in such a brief period by a new writer in the first flush of his
career, that Dick must have been churning them out rapidly to make money and a name, these 27 stories
are also quite remarkable for what they are not.
There is not really an action-adventure formula story in here. No space opera. No nuts and bolts.
No fully-developed alien civilizations. No intrepid stock heroes, villains, mad scientists, no real good guys
versus bad guys at all. From the very outset, Dick wrote as if the commercial conventions of the sf genre
did not exist. Even the one-punch gimmick stories are Dickian gimmicks. From the beginning, Dick was
reinventing science fiction, turning it into a literary instrument for his own concerns, and yes, obsessions.
What we have here is a kind of fascinating time capsule, 27 stories published before Philip K.
Dick's first novel, the compressed short fiction apprenticeship of a writer who was to go on to become
one of the great novelists of the twentieth century and arguably the greatest metaphysical novelist of all
time. Dick began writing during what at least in a publishing sense was the greatest transformation that
science fiction has ever seen. In the early 1950s, the magazines were still the dominant mode of sf
publication, meaning that short fiction was still the dominant form. By the time he published SOLAR
LOTTERY in 1955, the paperback book was on its way to becoming the dominant publishing mode, and
the novel therefore the dominant form.
In the 1950s, with the standard advance for an sf novel being about $1500, any writer trying to
eke out a precarious living writing sf was still constrained to crank out short stories for the magazines.
And what with novel slots still being limited, one was also constrained to make one's mark as a short
story writer before a publisher was about to grant a novel contract at all.
Nor, in hindsight, as evidenced by this volume, was this, in literary terms at least, a bad thing,
even for a writer like Dick, whose natural metier was the novel. These 27 stories, and the others
published before SOLAR LOTTERY, were an apprenticeship in the best sense of the term.
Reading these stories one after the other in a single volume, one is indeed struck by a certain
sameness, a certain repetitiveness, a certain series of recurrences, a sense of a writer staking out the
territory of his future oeuvre. We would see the same thing in the short fiction of other writers of the
period, and even much later, in the early short fiction, for example, of John Varley, William Gibson,
Lucius Shepard, Kim Stanley Robinson.
But in this book, what we see is a uniquely Dickian sameness.
Most sf writers who stake out a territory in their early short fiction that they will later explore at
greater length and depth tend to create a consistent universe like Larry Niven's "Known Space" or
recurring characters like Keith Laumer's Retief or a historical template like Robert A. Heinlein's "Future
History," and not infrequently all three.
In part this is a commercial strategy. A new writer naive or crazy enough to actually attempt a
career as a full-time sf short story writer has to write a lot of fiction rather rapidly to stay afloat. It is much
easier to reuse settings, history, and characters than to begin from zero each time out, and, as network
TV has long proven, the episodic series is the fastest way to build an audience too.
That, however, is not what Philip K. Dick did. There are no real recurring characters in these
stories. There is no attempt to set them all in a consistent universe. Except for some rather tenuous
connections between Second Variety, Jon's World, and James P. Crow, there is really no attempt at a
consistent future history either.
But there most certainly are recurrences of theme, imagery, and metaphysical concerns, and we
will see them again and again in Dick's subsequent novels, expanded upon, recomplicated, deepened,
made quite vast.
The Earth reduced to a nuclear ash heap. Robot weapons systems evolving towards baleful
anti-empathetic pseudo-life. Human freedom ground down in the name of military security, economic