Carl Sagan - The Nuclear Winter

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Carl Sagan / The Nuclear Winter.

The Nuclear Winter

Carl Sagan

Carl Sagan, a modern-day Renaissance man of science, was horn in

1934 in New York. After graduating with both a B.A. and a B.S.

degree from the University of Chicago, Sagan completed his M.S.

physics and earned a Ph.D. in astronomy and astro-physics in

1960.

Sagan was nominated to join the Smithsonian Astrophysical

Observatory in 1962. At the same time, he also worked with the

Nobel-prize winner Joshna Lederberg, investigating the origins of

life on earth, and taught genetics at Stanford. Sagan then taught

astronomy at Harvard until 1968, when he became profossor of

astronomy and space sciences at Cornell University. He was then

appointed director of the laboratoy for Planetary Studies. Sagan

was

awarded the NASA medal for exceptional scientific achievement in

1972, after his hypotheses about Mars were validated by data

obtained from the 1971 Mars Mariner expedition. Beginning in

1968,

Sagan was editor of Icarus, the international journal of

astronomy,

and wrote many distinguished books. His works include The Cosmic

Connection (1973), which received the Campbell Award for best

science book; the Pulitzer-prize winning Dragons of Eden (1977);

Broca's Brain (1979), on developments in neurophysiology; and

Cosmos

(1980), which accompanied his widety-acclaimed television series.

"The Nuclear Winter" (1983), Sagan explored the unforeseen and

devastating physical and chemical effects of even a small-scale

nuclear war on the earth's biosphere and life on earth.

Except for fools and madmen, everyone knows that nuclear war would he

unprecedented human catastrophe. A more or less typical strategic

warhead

has a yield of 2 megatons, the explosive equivalent of 2 million tons

TNT. But 2 million tons of TNT is about the same as all the bombs

exploded

in World War II -- a single bomb with the explosive power of the entire

Second World War but compressed into a few seconds of time and an area

or 40 miles across …

In a 2-megaton explosion over a fairly large city, buildings would be

vaporized, people reduced to atoms and shadows, outlying structures

blown

down like matchsticks and raging fires ignited. And if the bomb were

exploded on the ground, an enormous crater, like those that can be seen

through a telescope on the surface of the Moon, would be all that

remained

where midtown once had been. There are now more than 50,000 nuclear

weapons, more than 13,000 megatons of yield, deployed in the arsenals

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Carl Sagan - The Nuclear Winter

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