Henry Smith Williams - A History of Science (volume 3)

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A HISTORY OF SCIENCE

BY HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS, M.D., LL.D.

ASSISTED BY EDWARD H. WILLIAMS, M.D.

IN FIVE VOLUMES

VOLUME III.

MODERN DEVELOPMENT OF THE

PHYSICAL SCIENCES

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History of Science

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CONTENTS

BOOK III

CHAPTER I. THE SUCCESSORS OF NEWTON IN ASTRONOMY

The work of Johannes Hevelius--Halley and Hevelius--Halley's

observation of the transit of Mercury, and his method

of determining the parallax of the planets--Halley's observation

of meteors--His inability to explain these bodies--The important

work of James Bradley--Lacaille's measurement of the arc of the

meridian--The determination of the question as to the exact shape

of the earth--D'Alembert and his influence upon science-

-Delambre's History of Astronomy--The astronomical work of Euler.

CHAPTER II. THE PROGRESS OF MODERN ASTRONOMY

The work of William Herschel--His discovery of Uranus--His

discovery that the stars are suns--His conception

of the universe--His deduction that gravitation has caused

the grouping of the heavenly bodies--The nebula, hypothesis,

--Immanuel Kant's conception of the formation of the

world--Defects in Kant's conception--Laplace's final solution of

the problem--His explanation in detail--Change in the mental

attitude of the world since Bruno--Asteroids and

satellites--Discoveries of Olbers1--The mathematical calculations

of Adams and Leverrier--The discovery of the inner ring of

Saturn--Clerk Maxwell's paper on the stability of Saturn's

rings--Helmholtz's conception of the action of tidal

friction--Professor G. H. Darwin's estimate of the consequences

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of tidal action--Comets and meteors--Bredichin's cometary

theory--The final solution of the structure of comets--Newcomb's

estimate of the amount of cometary dust swept up daily by

the earth--The fixed stars--John Herschel's studies

of double stars--Fraunhofer's perfection of the refracting

telescope--Bessel's measurement of the parallax of a

star,--Henderson's measurements--Kirchhoff and Bunsen's

perfection of the spectroscope--Wonderful revelations

of the spectroscope--Lord Kelvin's estimate of the time that

will be required for the earth to become completely cooled--

Alvan Clark's discovery of the companion star of Sirius--

The advent of the photographic film in astronomy--Dr.

Huggins's studies of nebulae--Sir Norman Lockyer's "cosmogonic

guess,"--Croll's pre-nebular theory.

CHAPTER III. THE NEW SCIENCE OF PALEONTOLOGY

William Smith and fossil shells--His discovery that fossil

rocks are arranged in regular systems--Smith's inquiries

taken up by Cuvier--His Ossements Fossiles containing the

first description of hairy elephant--His contention that fossils

represent extinct species only--Dr. Buckland's studies

of English fossil-beds--Charles Lyell combats catastrophism,

--Elaboration of his ideas with reference to the rotation of

species--The establishment of the doctrine of uniformitarianism,

--Darwin's Origin of Species--Fossil man--Dr. Falconer's visit to

the fossil-beds in the valley of the Somme--Investigations of

Prestwich and Sir John Evans--Discovery of the Neanderthal skull,

--Cuvier's rejection of human fossils--The finding of prehistoric

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carving on ivory--The fossil-beds of America--Professor Marsh's

paper on the fossil horses in America--The Warren mastodon,

--The Java fossil, Pithecanthropus Erectus.

CHAPTER IV. THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN GEOLOGY

James Hutton and the study of the rocks--His theory of the

earth--His belief in volcanic cataclysms in raising and forming

the continents--His famous paper before the Royal Society of

Edinburgh, 1781---His conclusions that all strata of

the earth have their origin at the bottom of the sea---His

deduction that heated and expanded matter caused the elevation

of land above the sea-level--Indifference at first shown this

remarkable paper--Neptunists versus Plutonists--

Scrope's classical work on volcanoes--Final acceptance of

Hutton's explanation of the origin of granites--Lyell and

uniformitarianism--Observations on the gradual elevation

of the coast-lines of Sweden and Patagonia--Observations

on the enormous amount of land erosion constantly taking place,

--Agassiz and the glacial theory--Perraudin the chamois-

hunter, and his explanation of perched bowlders--De Charpentier's

acceptance of Perraudin's explanation--Agassiz's

paper on his Alpine studies--His conclusion that the Alps

were once covered with an ice-sheet--Final acceptance of

the glacial theory--The geological ages--The work

of Murchison and Sedgwick--Formation of the American

continents--Past, present, and future.

CHAPTER V. THE NEW SCIENCE OF METEOROLOGY

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Biot's investigations of meteors--The observations of

Brandes and Benzenberg on the velocity of falling stars--

Professor Olmstead's observations on the meteoric shower of 1833-

-Confirmation of Chladni's hypothesis of 1794--The

aurora borealis--Franklin's suggestion that it is of electrical

origin--Its close association with terrestrial

magnetism--Evaporation, cloud-formation, and dew--Dalton's

demonstration that water exists in the air as an independent

gas--Hutton's theory of rain--Luke Howard's paper

on clouds--Observations on dew, by Professor Wilson and

Mr. Six--Dr. Wells's essay on dew--His observations

on several appearances connected with dew--Isotherms

and ocean currents--Humboldt and the-science of comparative

climatology--His studies of ocean currents--

Maury's theory that gravity is the cause of ocean currents--

Dr. Croll on Climate and Time--Cyclones and anti-cyclones,

--Dove's studies in climatology--Professor Ferrel's

mathematical law of the deflection of winds--Tyndall's estimate

of the amount of heat given off by the liberation of a pound

of vapor--Meteorological observations and weather predictions.

CHAPTER VI. MODERN THEORIES OF HEAT AND LIGHT

Josiah Wedgwood and the clay pyrometer--Count Rumford

and the vibratory theory of heat--His experiments with

boring cannon to determine the nature of heat--Causing

water to boil by the friction of the borer--His final

determination that heat is a form of motion--Thomas Young

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AHISTORYOFSCIENCEBYHENRYSMITHWILLIAMS,M.D.,LL.D.ASSISTEDBYEDWARDH.WILLIAMS,M.D.INFIVEVOLUMESVOLUMEIII.MODERNDEVELOPMENTOFTHEPHYSICALSCIENCESGetanybookforfreeon:www.Abika.comHistoryofScienceGetanybookforfreeon:www.Abika.com2CONTENTSBOOKIIICHAPTERI.THESUCCESSORSOFNEWTONINASTRONOMYTheworkofJohannesHeve...

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Henry Smith Williams - A History of Science (volume 3)

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