专题13 阅读理解议论文-五年（2019-2023）高考英语真题分项汇编（解析版）

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五年（2019-2023）年高考英语真题分项汇编

专题 13 阅读理解议论文（解析版）

〖2023 年高考真题题组〗

【2023▪全国乙卷】

If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you

cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for

most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many

literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.

Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that,

but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps

the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English

side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only

a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what

was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written

reports.

In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or

deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often

have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of

Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most

powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider

contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily

twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the

texts, but the objects.

32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?

A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about.

C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable.

33. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2?

A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people.

C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided.

34. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to?

A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society.

35. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from?

A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia

C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories

【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. C

【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳

入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。

32.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not

privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever

had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later

achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not

only in writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不

能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，

都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记

录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选 A。

33.推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some

chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将

文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。 )”可推断，

作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文

“From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the

Australian side, we have only a wooden shield ( 盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of

gunshot. (在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一

个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。 )”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船

长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选 D。

34.词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people

of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most

powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we

consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts

are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人

以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最

强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之

间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are to find

the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. ( 如果我们要找到对话

的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要

让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以

conversation 指的是“历史”。故选 B。

35.推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not

privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever

had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人

类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录

过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are to find the other half of

that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. ( 如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们

不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的

了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100 件物品中的世界史》。故选

C。

〖2022 年高考真题题组〗

【2022▪北京卷】

Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how

quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges

with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps

keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.

For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies

have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum

machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is

the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep.

“What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing

researchers.”

As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the

public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises,

excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have

gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype,

Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And

that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.

After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about

PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those

concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.

The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful”

quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.”

He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what

we are doing with others.”

Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know.

I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just

as I trust Johnson.

31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________.

A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited

32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing?

A. His dominance in physics.

B. The competition in the field.

C. His confidence in PyQuantum.

D. The investment of tech companies.

33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?

A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant.

34. Which would be the best title for the passage?

A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor?

B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology?

C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being?

D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype?

【答案】31 A32. C33. A34. D

【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克

里斯•约翰逊和物理学家菲利普•泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。

31.推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers

may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If

researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger,

Johnson warns. （随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最

糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、

失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信

约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic 同情的，赞同的；B. unconcerned

不关心的；C. doubtful 怀疑的；D. excited 激动的。故选 A。

32.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large

margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we

would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I

have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” （他说，这家公司比其他

任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否

则我们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比

较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对 PyQuantum 的信心。故选 C。

33.词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“ But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to

hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to

understand.”（但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prone 被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表

了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。”）”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子”代表了一些

你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故 prone 意为“易于……的”。A. Open.开放的；易

受损害的；B. Cool. 酷的；C. Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故选 A。

34.主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have

many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even

take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction. This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys

Johnson.”（现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量

子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼

火。”）”以及最后一段“Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as

Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum

computers.（PyQuantum 真的能像泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我

当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本

文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯•约翰逊和物理学家菲

利普•泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。

故选 D。

【2022▪天津卷】

Ralph Emerson once said that the purpose of life is not to be happy, but to be useful, to be loving, to make

some difference in the world. While we appreciate such words of wisdom, we rarely try to follow them in our lives.

Most people prefer to live a good life themselves, ignoring their responsibilities for the world. This narrow

perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering. A

good life based on comfort and luxury may eventually lead to more pain be-cause we spoil our health and even our

character, principles, ideals, and relationships.

What then, is the secret of a good life? A good life is a process, not a state of being : a direction, not a

destination. We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their

happiness is the very source of our own happiness. More importantly, we must know ourselves inside out. Only

when we examine ourselves deeply can we discover our abilities and recognize our limitations, and then work

accordingly to create a better world.

The first requirement for a good life is having a loving heart. When we do certain right things merely as a duty,

we find our job so tiresome that we’ll soon burn out. However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only

enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling.

However, love alone is insufficient to lead a good life. Love sometimes blinds us to the reality. Consequently,

our good intentions may not lead to good results. To achieve desired outcome, those who want to do good to others

also need to equip themselves with accurate world knowledge. False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance.

If love is the engine of a car knowledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks power, th car can’t move;

if the driver loses control of the steering, a road accident probably occurs. Only with love in heart and the right

knowledge in mind can we lead a good life.

With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others. When we see the

impact of our good work on the world we give meaning to our life and earn lasting joy and happiness.

51. What effect does the narrow perception of a good life have on us?

A. Making us simple-minded

B. Making us short-signted.

C. Leading us onto a busy road.

D. Keeping us from comfort and luxury.

52. According to the author, how can one gain true happiness?

A. Through maintaining good health.

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五年（2019-2023）年高考英语真题分项汇编专题13阅读理解议论文（解析版）〖2023年高考真题题组〗【2023▪全国乙卷】Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachi...

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