Size Does Matter An Experimental Study of Anxiety in Virtual Reality

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Size Does Maer: An Experimental Study of Anxiety in Virtual

Reality

Junyi Shen

University of Tsukuba

Tsukuba, Japan

shen.junyi.xs@alumni.tsukuba.ac.jp

Itaru Kitahara

University of Tsukuba

Tsukuba, Japan

kitahara@ccs.tsukuba.ac.jp

Shinichi Koyama

University of Tsukuba

Tsukuba, Japan

skoyama@geijutsu.tsukuba.ac.jp

Qiaoge Li

University of Tsukuba

Tsukuba, Japan

li.qiaoge@image.iit.tsukuba.ac.jp

ABSTRACT

The emotional response of users induced by VR scenarios has be-

come a topic of interest, however, whether changing the size of

objects in VR scenes induces dierent levels of anxiety remains a

question to be studied. In this study, we conducted an experiment

to initially reveal how the size of a large object in a VR environment

aects changes in participants’ (N = 38) anxiety level and heart rate.

To holistically quantify the size of large objects in the VR visual

eld, we used the omnidirectional eld of view occupancy (OFVO)

criterion for the rst time to represent the dimension of the object

in the participant’s entire eld of view. The results showed that

the participants’ heartbeat and anxiety while viewing the large

objects were positively and signicantly correlated to OFVO. These

study reveals that the increase of object size in VR environments is

accompanied by a higher degree of user’s anxiety.

CCS CONCEPTS

•Human-centered computing →User studies

;

Empirical stud-

ies in interaction design;Virtual reality.

KEYWORDS

virtual reality, anxiety, large object, user experience

ACM Reference Format:

Junyi Shen, Itaru Kitahara, Shinichi Koyama, and Qiaoge Li. 2022. Size Does

Matter: An Experimental Study of Anxiety in Virtual Reality. In Proceedings

of 28th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (VRST

’22). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/nnnnnnn.

nnnnnnn

1 INTRODUCTION

The emotional response is one of the most important factors in user

experience study of virtual reality products. Accordingly, research

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or

classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed

for prot or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation

on the rst page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM

must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish,

to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specic permission and/or a

fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.

VRST ’22, November 29-December 1, 2022, Tsukuba, Japan

ACM ISBN 978-x-xxxx-xxxx-x/YY/MM. .. $15.00

https://doi.org/10.1145/nnnnnnn.nnnnnnn

4.04%

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Equirectangular

image

Projection on unit

sphere OFVO

Binary map

Figure 1: Calculation of omnidirectional eld of view occu-

pancy (OFVO)

is actively being conducted on how VR environments aect users’

emotional responses, particularly anxiety and fear.

Picture size has been found to have a signicant eect on emo-

tional perception. Bigger pictures elicit greater emotional arousal

than smaller pictures [

]. However, it is still unknown whether big-

ger 3D objects in virtual reality environment could trigger higher

level of anxiety than smaller objects. We propose a hypothesis that

the increased size of objects in VR scenes triggers higher levels of

user anxiety.

In this study, we use a VR experiment to initially reveal how

the size of objects in a VR environment aects people’s anxiety

level and heart rate. We investigated the subjective units of distress

scale (SUDS)[

]through experiments in which users observe virtual

objects with varied sizes.

2 METHODS

38 participants (15 of which are female) volunteered to participate in

this study. The participants are aging from 22 to 31 (M= 25.84, SD =

3.33). All participants had normal or corrected normal visual acuity.

The virtual scenario was rendered on a standard windows PC and

displayed on a Head-Mounted Display (HMD) HTC Vive Pro Eye.

We applied the NISSEI HR-70 watch type photoelectric expression

pulse monitor PulNeo to record the heart beats of participants.

In our experimental setup, participants could rotate their heads

at will to observe the complete contour of the large object. Thus,

we designed a new method for quantifying the object’s size in

the participant’s eld of view called omnidirectional eld of view

occupancy (OFVO) for this task, supplemented by the traditional

horizontal and vertical viewing angles as the evaluation criteria

for quantifying the size of the object. Since each participant had

the same initial position in the VR scene, and we asked the partic-

ipants to sit on the chair and not to move, the view observed by

the participants could be approximated as a xed omnidirectional

arXiv:2210.06697v1 [cs.MM] 13 Oct 2022

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摘要：

SizeDoesMatter:AnExperimentalStudyofAnxietyinVirtualRealityJunyiShenUniversityofTsukubaTsukuba,Japanshen.junyi.xs@alumni.tsukuba.ac.jpItaruKitaharaUniversityofTsukubaTsukuba,Japankitahara@ccs.tsukuba.ac.jpShinichiKoyamaUniversityofTsukubaTsukuba,Japanskoyama@geijutsu.tsukuba.ac.jpQiaogeLiUniversityo...

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Size Does Matter An Experimental Study of Anxiety in Virtual Reality

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