J.R.R. Tolkien - The History of Middle-Earth - 09

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In the first part of Sauron Defeated Christopher Tolkien

completes his account of the writing of The Lord of the

Rings: beginning with Sam's rescue of Frodo from the

Tower of Cirith Ungol, and giving a very different account

of the Scouring of the Shire, this part ends with versions

of the hitherto unpublished Epilogue, in which, years after

the departure of Bilbo and Frodo from the Grey Havens,

Sam attempts to answer his children's questions.

The second part is an edition of the previously unpublished

Notion Club Papers. This was written by J.R.R. Tolkien

in the interval between The Tv o Towers and The Return

of the King. These mysterious Papers, discovered in the

early years of the twenty-first century, report the discussions

of a literary club in Oxford in the years 1986-7, in which,

after an account by one of the members of the possibilities

of travel in space and time through the medium of 'true

dream', the centre of interest turns to the legend of Atlantis,

the strange communications received by other memhers of

the club out of the remote past, and the violent irruption

of the legend into the North-west of Europe. Closely

associated with the Papers is a new version of the

Numenorean legend, The Drowning of Anadune, which

constitutes the third part of the book. At this time the

language of the Men of the West, Adunaic, was first devised,

and the book concludes with an elaborate though unfinished

account of its structure provided by Arundel Lowdham, a

member of the Notion Club, who learned it in his dreams.

CONTENTS.

Foreword. page xi.

PART ONE: THE END OF THE THIRD AGE.

I The Story of Frodo and Sam in Mordor 3

II The Tower of Kirith Ungol 18

III The Land of Shadow 31

IV Mount Doom 37

V The Field of Kormallen 44

VI The Steward and the King 54

VII Many Partings 61

VIII Homeward Bound 75

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IX The Scouring of the Shire 79

X The Grey Havens 108

XI The Epilogue 114

Appendix: Drawings of Orthanc and Dunharrow 136

PAKT TWO: THE NOTION CLUB PAPERS.

Introduction 145

Foreword and List of Members 155

The Notion Club Papers Part One 161

The Notion Club Papers Part Two 222

Major Divergences in Earlier Versions of Part Two

(i) The earlier versions of Night 66 299

(ii) The original version of Lowdham's 'Fragments' 309

(iii) The earlier versions of Lowdham's 'Fragments'

in Adunaic 311

SAURON DEFEATED

(iv) Earlier versions of Edwin Lowdham's

Old English text 313

(v) The page preserved from Edwin Lowdham's

manuscript written in Numenorean script 318

PART THREE: THE DROWNING OF ANADUNE

(i) The third version of The Fall of Numenor 331

(ii) The original text of The Drowning of Anadune 340

(iii) The second text of The Drowning of Anadune 357

(iv) The final form of The Drowning of Anadune 387

(v) The theory of the work 397

(vi) Lowdham's Report on the Adunaic Language 413

Index 441

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Arundel Lowdham's 'Fragments' page ii -iii

The Tower of Kirith Ungol 19

Mount Doom 42

First copy of the King's letter 130

Third copy of the King's letter 131

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Orthanc I 138

Orthanc II 139

Orthanc III 139

Dunharrow I 140

Dunharrow II 141

Title-page of The Notion Club Papers 154

The surviving page of Edwin Lowdham's manuscript:

Text I, recto 319

Text I, verso 320

Text II 321

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TAUM SANTOSKE.

FOREWORD.

With this book my account of the writing of The Lord of the

Rings is completed. I regret that I did not manage to keep it even

within the compass of three fat volumes; but the circumstances

were such that it was always difficult to project its structure and

foresee its extent, and became more so, since when working on

The Return of the King I was largely ignorant of what was to

come. I shall not attempt a study of the history of the

Appendices at this time. That work will certainly prove both

far-ranging and intricate; and since my father soon turned

again, when The Lord of the Rings was finished, to the myths

and legends of the Elder Days, I hope after this to publish his

major writings and rewritings deriving from that period, some

of which are wholly unknown.

When The Lord of the Rings had still a long way to go -

during the halt that lasted through 1945 and extended into

1946, The Return of the King being then scarcely begun - my

father had embarked on a work of a very different nature: The

Notion Club Papers; and from this had emerged a new lan-

guage, Adunaic, and a new and remarkable version of the

Numenorean legend, The Drowning of Anadune, the develop-

ment of which was closely entwined with that of The Notion Club

Papers. To retain the chronological order of writing which it

has been my aim to follow (so far as I could discover it) in The

History of Middle-earth I thought at one time to include in

Volume VIII, first, the history of the writing of The Two Towers

(from the point reached in The Treason of Isengard) and then

this new work of 1945 - 6, reserving the history of The Return o f

the King to Volume IX. I was persuaded against this, I am sure

rightly; and thus it is in the present book that the great disparity

of subject-matter appears - and the great difficulty of finding a

title for it. My father's suggested title for Book VI of The Lord

of the Rings was The End of the Third Age; but it seemed very

unsatisfactory to name this volume The End of the Third Age

and Other Writings, when the 'other writings', constituting two

thirds of the book, were concerned with matters pertaining to

the Second Age (and to whatever Age we find ourselves in now).

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Sauron Defeated is my best attempt to find some sort of link

between the disparate parts and so to name to the whole.

At a cursory glance my edition of The Notion Club Papers

and The Drowning of Anadune may appear excessively compli-

cated; but I have in fact so ordered them that the works

themselves are presented in the clearest possible form. Thus the

final texts of the two parts of the Papers are each given complete

and without any editorial interruption, as also are two versions

of The Drowning of Anadune. All account and discussion of the

evolution of the works is reserved to commentaries and appen-

dages which are easily identified.

In view of the great disparity between Part One and Parts

Two and Three I have thought that it would be helpful to divide

the Index into two, since there is scarcely any overlap of names.

I acknowledge with many thanks the help of Dr Judith Priest-

man of the Bodleian Library, and of Mr Charles B. Elston of

Marquette Unversity, in making available photographs for use

in this book (from the Bodleian those on pages 42 and 138-41,

from Marquette those on pages 19 and 130). Mr John D.

Rateliff and Mr F. R. Williamson have very kindly assisted me

on particular points in connection with The Notion Club

Papers; and Mr Charles Noad has again generously given his

time to an independent reading of the proofs and checking of

citations.

This book is dedicated to Taum Santoski, in gratitude for his

support and encouragement throughout my work on The Lord

of the Rings and in recognition of his long labour in the

ordering and preparation for copying of the manuscripts at

Marquette, a labour which despite grave and worsening illness

he drove himself to complete.

Since this book was set in type Mr Rateliff has pointed out to

me the source of Arundel Lowdham's allusion to 'the Pig on the

Ruined Pump' (p. 179), which escaped me, although my father

knew the work from which it comes well, and its verses formed

part of his large repertoire of occasional recitation. It derives

from Lewis Carroll, Sylvie and Bruno, chapter X - where

however the Pig sat beside, not on, the Pump:

There was a Pig, that sat alone,

Beside a ruined Pump.

By day and night he made his moan:

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It would have stirred a heart of stone

To see him wring his hoofs and groan,

Because he could not jump.

In Sylvie and Bruno Concluded, chapter XXIII, this becomes

the first verse of a poem called The Pig-Tale, at the end of which

the Pig, encouraged by a passing Frog, tries but signally fails to

jump to the top of the Pump:

Uprose that Pig, and rushed, full whack,

Against the ruined Pump:

Rolled over like an empty sack,

And settled down upon his back,

While all his bones at once went 'Crack!'

It was a fatal jump.

On a very different subject, Mr Noad has observed and

communicated to me the curious fact that in the Plan of

Shelob's Lair reproduced in The War of the Ring, p. 201, my

father's compass-points 'N' and 'S' are reversed. Frodo and Sam

were of course moving eastward in the tunnel, and the South

was on their right. In my description (p. 200, lines 16 and 20) I

evidently followed the compass-points without thinking, and so

carelessly wrote of the 'southward' instead of the 'northward'

tunnels that left the main tunnel near its eastern end.

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PART ONE.

THE END OF THE

THIRD AGE.

THE STORY OF FRODO AND SAM

IN MORDOR.

Long foreseen, the story of the destruction of the Ring in the fires of

Mount Doom was slow to reach its final form. I shall look back first

over the earlier conceptions that have appeared in The Return of the

Shadow and The Treason of Isengard, and then give some further

outlines of the story.

The conception of the Fiery Mountain, in which alone the Ring

could be destroyed, and to which the Quest will ultimately lead, goes

back to the earliest stages in the writing of The Lord of the Rings. It

first emerged in Gandalf's conversation with Bingo Bolger-Baggins,

predecessor of Frodo, at Bag End (VI.82): 'I fancy you would have to

find one of the Cracks of Earth in the depths of the Fiery Mountain,

and drop it down into the Secret Fire, if you really wanted to destroy

it.' Already in an outline that almost certainly dates from 1939

(VI.380) the scene on the Mountain appears:

At end

When Bingo [> Frodo] at last reaches Crack and Fiery Mountain he

cannot make himself throu the Ring away. ? He hears Necro-

mancer's voice offering him great reward - to share power with

him, if he will keep it.

At that moment Gollum - who had seemed to reform and had

guided them by secret ways through Mordor - comes up and

treacherously tries to take Ring. They wrestle and Gollum takes

Ring and falls into the Crack.

The mountain begins to rumble.

Two years later, in a substantial sketch of the story to come ('The

Story Foreseen from Moria') it was still far from clear to my father just

what happened on the Mountain (VII.209):

Orodruin [written above: Mount Doom] has three great fissures

North, West, South [> West, South, East] in its sides. They are very

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deep and at an unguessable depth a glow of fire is seen. Every now

and again fire rolls out of mountain's heart down the terrific

channels. The mountain towers above Frodo. He comes to a flat

place on the mountain-side where the fissure is full of fire - Sauron's

well of fire. The Vultures are coming. He cannot throw Ring in. The

Vultures are coming. All goes dark in his eyes and he falls to his

knees. At that moment Gollum comes up and wrestles with him,

and takes Ring. Frodo falls flat.

Here perhaps Sam comes up, beats off a vulture and hurls himself

and Gollum into the gulf?

Subsequently in this same outline is found:

They escape [from Minas Morgol] but Gollum follows.

It is Sam that wrestles with Gollum and [?throws] him finally in

the gulf.

Not long after this, in the outline 'The Story Foreseen from Lorien'

(VII.344), my father noted that 'Sam must fall out somehow' (presum-

ably at the beginning of the ascent of Mount Doom) and that Frodo

went up the mountain alone:

Sam must fall out somehow. Stumble and break leg: thinks it is a

crack in ground - really Gollum. [?Makes ?Make] Frodo go on

alone.

Frodo toils up Mount Doom. Earth quakes, the ground is hot.

There is a narrow path winding up. Three fissures. Near summit

there is Sauron's Fire-well. An opening in side of mountain leads

into a chamber the floor of which is split asunder by a cleft.

Frodo turns and looks North-west, sees the dust of battle. Faint

sound of horn. This is Windbeam the Horn of Elendil blown only in

extremity.

Birds circle over. Feet behind.

Since the publication of The Treason of Isengard there has come to

light an outline that is obviously closely related to this passage from

'The Story Foreseen from Lorien' (which does not necessarily mean

that it belongs to the same time) but is very much fuller. This I will

refer to as I. The opening sentences were added at the head of the page

but belong with the writing of the text.

(I) Sam falls and hurts leg (really tripped by Gollum). Frodo has to

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go alone. (Gollum leaps on Sam as soon as Frodo is away.)

Frodo toils on alone up slope of Mt.Doom. Earth quakes; the

ground becomes hot. There is a narrow path winding up. It crosses

one great fissure by a dreadful bridge. (There are three fissures

(W. S. E.).) Near the summit is 'Sauron's Fire-well'. The path enters

an opening in the side of the Mt. and leads into a low chamber, the

floor of which is split by a profound fissure. Frodo turns back. He

looks NW and sees dust and smoke of battle? (Sound of horn - the

Horn of Elendil?) Suddenly he sees birds circling above: they come

down and he realizes that they are Nazgul! He crouches in the

chamber-opening but still dare not enter. He hears feet coming up

the path.

At same moment Frodo suddenly feels, many times multiplied,

the impact of the (unseen) searching eye; and of the enchantment of

the Ring. He does not wish to enter chamber or to throw away the

Ring. He hears or feels a deep, slow, but urgently persuasive voice

speaking: offering him life, peace, honour: rich reward: lordship:

power: finally a share in the Great Power - if he will stay and go

back with a Ring Wraith to Baraddur. This actually terrifies him. He

remains immovably balanced between resistance and yielding, tor-

mented, it seems to him a timeless, countless, age. Then suddenly a

new thought arose - not from outside - a thought born inside

himself: he would keep the Ring himself, and be master of all. Frodo

King of Kings. Hobbits should rule (of course he would not let

down his friends) and Frodo rule hobbits. He would make great

poems and sing great songs, and all the earth should blossom, and

all should be bidden to his feasts. He puts on the Ring! A great cry

rings out. Nazgul come swooping down from the North. The Eye

becomes suddenly like a beam of fire stabbing sheer and sharp out

of the northern smoke. He struggles now to take off the Ring - and

fails.

The Nazgul come circling down - ever nearer. With no clear

purpose Frodo withdraws into the chamber. Fire boils in the Crack

of Doom. All goes dark and Frodo falls to his knees.

At that moment Gollum arrives, panting, and grabs Frodo and

the Ring. They fight fiercely on the very brink of the chasm. Gollum

breaks Frodo's finger and gets Ring. Frodo falls in a swoon. Sam

crawls in while Gollum is dancing in glee and suddenly pushes

Gollum into the crack.

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Fall of Mordor.

Perhaps better would be to make Gollum repent in a way. He is

utterly wretched, and commits suicide. Gollum has it, he cried. No

one else shall have it. I will destroy you all. He leaps into crack. Fire

goes mad. Frodo is like to be destroyed.

Nazgul shape at the door. Frodo is caught in the fire-chamber and

cannot get out!

Here we all end together, said the Ring Wraith.

Frodo is too weary and lifeless to say nay.

You first, said a voice, and Sam (with Sting?) stabs the Black

Rider from behind.

Frodo and Sam escape and flee down mountain-side. But they

could not escape the running molten lava. They see Eagles driving

the Nazgul. Eagles rescue them.

Make issue of fire below them so that bridge is cut off and a sea of

fire bars their retreat while mountain quivers and crumbles. Gandalf

on white eagle rescues them.

Against the sentence 'He is utterly wretched, and commits suicide'

my father subsequently wrote No.

Another outline, which I will call II, is closely related to outline I just

given. It is written in ink over a briefer pencilled text, very little of

which can be read - partly because of the overwriting, partly because

of the script itself (my father could not read the conclusion of the first

sentence and marked it with dots and a query).(1)

(II) Frodo now feels full force of the Eye....... ? He does not want

to enter Chamber of Fire or throw away the Ring. He seems to hear

a deep slow persuasive voice speaking: offering life and peace - then

rich reward, great wealth - then lordship and power - and finally a

share of the Great Power: if he will take Ring intact to the Dark

Tower. He rejects this, but stands still - while thought grows

(absurd though it may seem): he will keep it, wield it, and himself

have Power alone; be Master of All. After all he is a great hero.

Hobbits should become lords of men, and he their Lord, King

Frodo, Emperor Frodo. He thought of the great poems that would

be made, and mighty songs, and saw (as if far away) a great Feast,

and himself enthroned and all the kings of the world sitting at his

feet, while all the earth blossomed.

(Probably now Sauron is aware of the Ring and its peril, and this

is his last desperate throw to halt Frodo, until his messenger can

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