J.R.R. Tolkien - The History of Middle-Earth - 12

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When J.R.R. Tolkien laid aside The Silmarillion in 1937

the extension of the original 'mythology' into later Ages

of the world had scarcely emerged, if it had emerged at

all; as he himself recorded, he knew nothing of the

peoples and history of these Ages until he 'met them on

the way': 'The Mines of Moria had been a mere name;

and of Lothlorien no word had reached my mortal ears

until I came there. Fangorn Forest was an unforeseen

adventure. I had never heard of the House of Eorl nor of

the Stewards of Gondor. Saruman had never been

revealed to me.'

It was in the Appendices to The Lord of the Rings

that there emerged a comprehensive historical structure

and chronology of the Second and Third Ages, embracing

all the diverse strands that came together in the War of

the Ring. The difficulty bordering on despair that he

found in providing these Appendices, leading to delay in

the publication of The Return of the King, is well

known; but in The Peoples of Middle-earth Christopher

Tolkien shows that the work had in fact been achieved

years before, in essays and records differing greatly

from the published forms. In these early texts is seen the

evolution of the chronology of the later Ages, the

Calendars, the Hobbit genealogies (with those of families

that were printed but not published), and the Westron

language or Common Speech (from which many words

and names are recorded that were afterwards lost).

Following the account of the Appendices a number of

other writings by J.R.R. Tolkien are included in this

book, chiefly deriving from his last years, when new

insights and new constructions still freely arose as he

pondered the history that he had created.

This final volume of The History of Middle-earth

concludes with two soon-abandoned stories, both

unique in the setting of time or place: The New Shadow

in Gondor of the Fourth Age, and the tale of Tal-elmar,

in which the coming of the dreaded Numenorean ships

is seen through the eyes of men of Middle-earth in the

Dark Years.

J.R.R. TOLKIEN.

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THE PEOPLES OF

MIDDLE-EARTH.

Edited by Christopher Tolkien.

Harper CollinsPablishers.

To Baillie Tolkien.

CONTENTS.

Foreword. page vii.

PART ONE.

THE PROLOGUE AND APPENDICES TO

THE LORD OF THE RINGS.

I. The Prologue. 3.

II. The Appendix on Languages. 19.

III. The Family Trees. 85.

IV. The Calendars. 119.

V. The History of the Akallabeth. 140.

VI. The Tale of Years of the Second Age. 166.

VII. The Heirs of Elendil. 188.

VIII. The Tale of Years of the Third Age. 225.

IX. The Making of Appendix A.

(i) The Realms in Exile. 253.

(ii) The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen. 262.

(iii) The House of Eorl. 270.

(iv) Durin's Folk. 274.

PART TWO.

LATE WRITINGS.

X. Of Dwarves and Men. 295.

XI. The Shibboleth of Feanor. 331.

XII. The Problem of Ros. 367.

XIH. Last Writings. 377.

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PART THREE.

TEACHINGS OF PENGOLOD.

XIV. Dangweth Pengolod. 395.

XV. Of Lembas. 403.

PART FOUR.

UNFINISHED TALES.

XVI. The New Shadow. 409.

XVII. Tal-Elmar. 422.

Index. 439.

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FOREWORD.

In my Foreword to Sauron Defeated I wrote that I would not

attempt a study of the Appendices to The Lord of the Rings 'at

this time'. That was an ambiguous remark, for I rather doubted

that I would ever make the attempt; but I justified its postpone-

ment, at least, on the ground that 'my father soon turned

again, when The Lord of the Rings was finished, to the myths

and legends of the Elder Days', and so devoted the following

volumes to the later history of 'The Silmarillion'. My intentions

for the twelfth book were uncertain; but after the publication of

The War of the Jewels I came to think that since (contrary to my

original conception) I had included in The History of Middle-

earth a lengthy account of the writing of The Lord of the Rings

it would be a strange omission to say nothing whatever of the

Appendices, in which the historical structure of the Second and

Third Ages, based on a firm chronology, actually emerged.

Thus I embarked on the study of the history of these works,

of which I had little precise knowledge. As with the narrative

texts of The Lord of the Rings, those of the Appendices (and of

the Prologue) became divided, in some cases in a bewildering

fashion, at the time of the sale of the papers to Marquette

University; but I received most generous help, prompt and

meticulous, from Charles Elston, the Archivist of the Memorial

Library at Marquette, which enabled me to determine the

textual relations. It was only now that I came to understand that

texts of supplementary essays to The Lord of the Rings had

reached a remarkably finished form, though in many respects

far different from the published Appendices, at a much earlier

date than I had supposed: in the period (as I judge) immediately

following my father's writing of the last chapter of The Lord of

the Rings in 1948. There is indeed a total absence in these texts

of indications of external date; but it can be seen from many

points that when they were written the narrative was not yet in

final form, and equally clearly that they in fact preceded my

father's return to the First Age at the beginning of the 1950s,

as described in the Foreword to The War of the Jewels. A major

upheaval in the historical-linguistic structure was still to come:

the abandonment of their own tongue by the Noldor returning

out of the West and their adoption of the Sindarin of Middle-

earth.

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In my account I have of course concentrated on these early

forms, which belong so evidently, in manner and air, with the

narrative itself. I have little doubt that my father had long con-

templated such a supplement and accompaniment to The Lord

of the Rings, regarding it as an essential element in the whole;

and I have found it impossible to show in any satisfactory way

how he conceived it at that time without setting out the early

texts in full, although this naturally entails the recital, especially

in the case of the history of Arnor and Gondor, of much that is

known from its survival in the published versions of the Appen-

dices. I have excluded the Appendix E ('Writing and Spelling'),

but I have included the Prologue; and I have introduced into

this part of the book an account of the origin and development

of the Akallabeth, since the evolution of the chronological

structure of the Second Age was closely related to my father's

original formalised computation of the dates of the Numenor-

ean kings.

Following this part I have given three essays written during

his last years; and also some brief writings that appear to derive

from the last years of his life, primarily concerned with or

arising from the question whether Glorfindel of Rivendell and

Glorfindel of Gondolin were one and the same. These late writ-

ings are notable for the many wholly new elements that entered

the 'legendarium'; and also for the number of departures from

earlier work on the Matter of the Elder Days. It may be sug-

gested that whereas my father set great store by consistency at

all points with The Lord of the Rings and the Appendices, so

little concerning the First Age had appeared in print that he was

under far less constraint. I am inclined to think, however, that

the primary explanation of these differences lies rather in his

writing largely from memory. The histories of the First Age

would always remain in a somewhat fluid state so long as they

were not fixed in published work; and he certainly did not have

all the relevant manuscripts clearly arranged and set out before

him. But it remains in any case an open question, whether (to

give a single example) in the essay Of Dwarves and Men he had

definitively rejected the greatly elaborated account of the houses

of the Edain that had entered the Quenta Silmarillion in about

1958, or whether it had passed from his mind.

The book concludes with two pieces further illustrating the

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instruction that AElfwine of England received from Pengolod

the Wise in Tol Eressea, and the abandoned beginnings of two

remarkable stories, The New Shadow and Tal-elmar.

With the picture of such clarity in the tale of Tal-elmar of the

great ships of the Numenoreans drawing into the coast, and the

- fear among men of Middle-earth of the terrible 'Go-hilleg', this

'History' ends. It is a long time since I began the work of order-

ing and elucidating the vast collection of papers in which my

father's conception of Arda, Aman, and Middle-earth was con-

tained, making, not long after his death, some first transcrip-

tions from The Book of Lost Tales, of which I knew virtually

nothing, as a step towards the understanding of the origins of

'The Silmarillion'. I had little notion then of what lay before me,

of all the unknown works crammed in disorder in that formi-

dable array of battered box-files. Nearly a quarter of a century

later the story, as I have been able to tell it, is at last concluded.

This is not to say that I have given an account of everything

that my father wrote, even leaving aside the great body of his

work on the languages of the Elves. My father's very late writ-

ings have been selectively presented, and much further detail,

especially concerning names and the etymology of names, can

be found in texts such as those that I excerpted in Unfinished

Tales, notably in the part of that book entitled 'The History of

Galadriel and Celeborn'. Other omissions have arisen almost

one might say from inadvertence as the work and its publication

proceeded.

It began indeed as an entirely 'private' study, without thought

or purpose of publication: an exhaustive investigation and

analysis of all the materials concerned with what came to be

called the Elder Days, from the earliest beginnings, omitting no

detail of name-form or textual variation. From that original

work derives the respect for the precise wording of the texts,

and the insistence that no stone (especially stones bearing

names) be left unturned, that characterises, perhaps excessively,

The History of Middle-earth. Unfinished Tales, on the other

hand, was conceived entirely independently and in an essen-

tially different mode, at a time when I had no notion of the

publication of a massive and continuous history; and this con-

stitutes an evident weakness in my presentation of the whole

corpus, which could not be remedied. When Rayner Unwin, to

whom I am greatly indebted, undertook the uncertain venture

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of publishing my work on the history of 'The Silmarillion' (in

form necessarily much altered) I had no intention of entering

into the history of the Later Ages: the inclusion of The Lost

Road, The Drowning of Anadune, The Notion Club Papers,

and above all the history of the writing of The Lord of the

Rings, extending the work far beyond my original design, was

entirely unforeseen.

Thus it came about that the later volumes were written and

published under much greater pressure of time and with less

idea of the overall structure than the earlier. Attempting to make

each book an independent entity in some degree, within the

constraints of length, I was often uncertain of what it would or

could contain until it was done; and this lack of prevision led to

some misjudgements of 'scale' - the degree of fulness or con-

ciseness that would ultimately prove appropriate to the whole.

Thus, for example, I should have returned at the end of my

account of the writing of The Lord of the Rings to give some

description, at least, of the later developments in the chapters

The Shadow of the Past and The Council of Elrond, and the

evolution in relation to these of the work Of the Rings of Power

and the Third Age. However, all the stories and all the histories

have now been told, and the 'legendarium' of the Elder Days has

been very fully mined.

Since the ceaseless 'making' of his world extended from my

father's youth into his old age, The History of Middle-earth is in

some sense also a record of his life, a form of biography, if of a

very unusual kind. He had travelled a long road. He bequeathed

to me a massive legacy of writings that made possible the

tracing of that road, in as I hope its true sequence, and the un-

earthing of the deep foundations that led ultimately to the true

end of his great history, when the white ship departed from the

Grey Havens.

In the twilight of autumn it sailed out of Mithlond, until the

seas of the Bent World fell away beneath it, and the winds of

the round sky troubled it no more, and borne upon the high

airs above the mists of the world it passed into the ancient

West, and an end was come for the Eldar of story and of song.

It has been an absorbing and inspiring task, from the splendours

of the Ainulindale or the tragedy of the Children of Hurin down

to the smallest detail of changing expression and shifting names.

It has also of its nature been very laborious, and with times of

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doubt, when confidence faltered; and I owe a great deal to all

those who have supported the work with generous encourage-

ment in letters and reviews. Most of all do I owe to my wife

Baillie, to whom I dedicate this last volume: but the dedication

may stand for the whole. Without her understanding and

encouragement over the years, making mutual the weight of

such a long and demanding work, it would never have been

achieved.

Note on the text.

As a general rule I have preserved my father's often varying usage in

the spelling of names (as e.g. Baraddur beside Barad-dur), but in cer-

tain cases I have given a standard form (as Adunaic where Adunaic

is sometimes written, and Gil-galad rather than Gilgalad). In his late

texts he seldom used the diaeresis (as in Finwe), but (in intention

at least) always employed N to represent initial ng sounded as in

English sing (thus Noldor); in this book I have extended the diaeresis

throughout (other than in Old English names, as AElfwine), but re-

stricted N to the texts in which it occurs.

References to The History of Middle-earth are given as in previous

volumes in Roman numerals (thus VI.314). For the necessarily abun-

dant references to the published Appendices I have used the letters

RK (The Return of the King), the page-numbers being those of the

three-volume hardback edition; and occasionally FR and TT for The

Fellowship of the Ring and The Two Towers.

To the removal of error (especially in the citation of texts) from The

Peoples of Middle-earth, which was completed under great pressure

of time, Mr Charles Noad has contributed more perhaps than to any

of the previous volumes which he has read independently in proof;

and with the conclusion of the work I must express again my gratitude

to him for his meticulous, informed, and extraordinarily generous

labour. I wish also to record my appreciation of the great skill and care

which Mr Norman Tilley of Nene Phototypesetters has again brought

to this particularly demanding text - including the 'invisible mending'

of errors in my manuscript tables.

Mr Noad has also made a number of suggestions for the improve-

ment of the text by clarification and additional reference which where

possible I have adopted. There remain some points which would have

required too much rewriting, or too much movement of text, to intro-

duce, and two of these may be mentioned here.

One concerns the translation of the curse of the Orc from the Dark

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Tower given on p. 83. When writing this passage I had forgotten

that Mr Carl Hostetter, editor of the periodical Vinyar Tengwar, had

pointed out in the issue (no. 26) for November 1992 that there is

a translation of the words in a note to one of the typescripts of

Appendix E (he being unaware of the existence of the certainly earlier

version that I have printed); and I had also overlooked the fact that

a third version is found among notes on words and phrases 'in

alien speech' in The Lord of the Rings. All three differ significantly

(bagronk, for example, being rendered both as 'cesspool' and as 'tor-

ture (chamber)'); from which it seems clear that my father was at this

time devising interpretations of the words, whatever he may have

intended them to mean when he first wrote them.

I should also have noticed that the statement in the early texts of

Appendix D (The Calendars), pp. 124, 131, that the Red Book 'ends

before the Lithe of 1436' refers to the Epilogue to The Lord of the

Rings, in which Samwise, after reading aloud from the Book over

many months, finally reached its end on an evening late in March of

that year (IX.120-1).

Lastly, after the proofs of this book had been revised I received a

letter from Mr Christopher Gilson in which he referred to a brief

but remarkable text associated with Appendix A that he had seen at

Marquette. This was a curious chance, for he had no knowledge of the

book beyond the fact that it contained some account of the Appen-

dices; while although I had received a copy of the text from Marquette

I had passed it over without observing its significance. Preserved with

other difficult and disjointed notes, it is very roughly written on a slip

of paper torn from a rejected manuscript. That manuscript can be

identified as the close predecessor of the Appendix A text concerning

the choice of the Half-elven which I have given on pp. 256-7. The

writing on the verso reads:

and his father gave him the name Aragorn, a name used in the

House of the Chieftains. But Ivorwen at his naming stood by, and

said 'Kingly Valour' (for so that name is interpreted): 'that he shall

have, but I see on his breast a green stone, and from that his true

name shall come and his chief renown: for he shall be a healer and

a renewer.'

Above this is written: 'and they did not know what she meant, for

there was no green stone to be seen by other eyes' (followed by

illegible words); and beneath it: 'for the green Elfstone was given to

him by Galadriel'. A large X is also written, but it is not clear whether

this relates to the whole page or only to a part of it.

Mr Gilson observes that this text, clearly to be associated with work

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on the Tale of Aragorn and Arwen (see p. 263), seems to be the only

place where the name Aragorn is translated; and he mentions my

father's letter of 17 December 1972 to Mr Richard Jeffery (Letters no.

347), who had asked whether Aragorn could mean 'tree-king'. In his

reply my father said that it 'cannot contain a "tree" word', and that

'"Tree-King" would have no special fitness for him'. He continued:

The names in the line of Arthedain are peculiar in several ways; and

several, though Sindarin in form, are not readily interpretable. But

it would need more historical records and linguistic records of

Sindarin than exist (sc. than I have found time or need to invent! ) to

explain them.

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