The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor

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by J.R.R. Tolkien

Edited by Carl F. Hostetter

With additional commentary and materials

provided by Christopher Tolkien

Introduction

This historical and etymological essay titled only "Nomenclature" by its author, belongs with other,

similar writings that Christopher Tolkien has dated to c. 1967-69 (XII.293-94), including Of Dwarves and

Men, The Shibboleth of Feanor, and The History of Galadriel and Celeborn, and that were published, in

whole or in part, in Unfinished Tales and The Peoples of Middle-earth. Indeed, Christopher Tolkien gave

numerous excerpts from this essay in Unfinished Tales. He prepared a fuller presentation of the text for The

Peoples of Middle-earth, but it was omitted from that volume on consideration of length.

Christopher Tolkien has kindly provided me with both the full text of the essay and of his own edited

version intended for The Peoples of Middle-earth. That edition, being intended for a more general audience

and made under constraints of space, naturally omits a number of more technical and/or discursive

philological passages and notes. In editing the text for the more specialized audience of Vinyar Tengwar, I

have of course restored all such philological matter. I have also retained, with his gracious consent, as much

of Christopher Tolkien's own commentary on the essay as practicable (clearly identified as such throughout),

while providing some additional commentary and notes of my own, primarily on linguistic matters. In

addition to Christopher Tolkien, I would like to extend my gratitude to john Garth, Christopher Gilson,

Wayne Hammond, Christina Scull, Arden Smith, and Patrick Wynne, all of whom read this work in draft and

provided encouragement along with many helpful comments and corrections.

The essay consists of thirteen typescript pages, numbered i to 13 by Tolkien. A torn, unnumbered half-

sheet bearing a manuscript note headed "Far too complicated" (amidst and referring to a lengthy, discursive

discussion of the Eldarin number system, in particular the explanation of the number 5) was placed between

pages 8 and 9 of the typescript. Another unnumbered sheet follows the last page of the typescript, bearing a

manuscript note on the name Belfalas (which is paraphrased at UT:247). All of these sheets are various

forms of George Allen & Unwin stationery, with Tolkien’s writing confined to the blank sides, except in the

case of the last sheet. Here, the printed side was used for manuscript drafting of Cirion's Oath in Quenya

(already very near to the published version; cf. UT:3O5), which was continued on the top (relative to the

printing) of the blank side. The note on Belfalas is written upside-down beginning at the bottom of the sheet

(with respect to this drafting and the printing).

Concerning the origin and date of this essay, Christopher Tolkien writes: "On 30 June 1969 my father

wrote a letter to Mr Paul Bibire, who had written to him a week before, telling him that he had passed the

Bachelor of Philosophy examination in Old English at Oxford; he referred a little disparagingly to his

success, achieved despite neglect of certain parts of the course which he found less appealing, and notably

the works of the Old English poet Cynewulf (see Sauron Defeated, p. 285 note 36). At the end of his letter

Mr Bibire said: ‘Incidentally, there's something that I've been wondering about since I saw the relevant

addition to the second edition [of The Lord of the Rings]: whether the River Glanduin is the same as the

Swanfleet' (for the reference see Sauron Defeated, p. 70 and note 15)." Christopher Tolkien has provided the

relevant portions of his father's reply (which was not included in the collection of letters edited with

Humphrey Carpenter):1

It was kind of you to write to me again. I was very interested in your news of

yourself, and very sympathetic. I found and find dear Cynewulf a lamentable bore—

lamentable, because it is a matter for tears that a man (or men) with talent in word-

spinning, who must have heard (or read) so much now lost, should spend their time

composing such uninspired stuff.2 Also at more than one point in my life I have

endangered my prospects by neglecting things that I did not at that time find amusing!...

I am grateful to you for pointing out the use of Glanduin in the Appendix A, III, p.

319.3 I have no index of the Appendices and must get one made. The Glanduin is the

same river as the Swanfleet, but the names are not related. I find on the map with

corrections that are to be made for the new edition to appear at the end of this year that

this river is marked by me as both Glanduin and various compounds with alph ‘swan'.4

The name Glanduin was meant to be ‘border-river', a name given as far back as the

Second Age when it was the southern border of Eregion, beyond which were the

unfriendly people of Dunland. In the earlier centuries of the Two Kingdoms Enedwaith

(Middle-folk) was a region between the realm of Gondor and the slowly receding realm

of Arnor (it originally included Minhiriath (Mesopotamia)). Both kingdoms shared an

interest in the region, but were mainly concerned with the upkeep of the great road that

was their main way of communication except by sea, and the bridge at Tharbad. People

of Númenórean origin did not live there, except at Tharbad, where a large garrison of

soldiers and river-wardens was once maintained. In those days there were drainage

works, and the banks of the Hoarwell and Greyflood were strengthened. But in the days

of The Lord of the Rings the region had long become ruinous and lapsed into its

primitive state: a slow wide river running through a network of swamps, pools and

eyots: the haunt of hosts of swans and other water-birds.

If the name Glanduin was still remembered it would apply only to the upper course

where the river ran down swiftly, but was soon lost in the plains and disappeared into

the fens. I think I may keep Glanduin on the map for the upper part, and mark the lower

part as fenlands with the name Nîn-in-Eilph (water-lands of the Swans), which will

adequately explain Swanfleet river, III.263.5

alph ‘swan' occurs as far as I remember only on III, p. 392.6 It could not be Quenya,

as ph is not used in my transcription of Quenya, and Quenya does not tolerate final

consonants other than the dentals, t. n, l, r after a vowel.7 Quenya for ‘swan' was alqua

(alkwā). The "Celtic" branch of Eldarin (Telerin and Sindarin) turned kw > p, but did

not, as Celtic did, alter original p.8 The much changed Sindarin of Middle-earth turned

the stops to spirants after l, r, as did Welsh: so *alkwā > alpa (Telerin) > S. alf (spelt

alph in my transcription).

At the end of the letter Tolkien added a postscript:

I am myself much recovered—though it has taken a year, which I could ill afford.9 I

can walk about fairly normally now, up to two miles or so (occasionally), and have

some energy. But not enough to cope with both continued composition and the endless

"escalation" of my business.

At the head of the present essay. Tolkien wrote "Nomenclature", followed by: "Swanfleet river (L.R. rev.

edition, III 263) and Glanduin, III App. A. 319"; and then by: "Queried by P. Bibire (letter June 23,1969;

ans. June 30). As more briefly stated in my reply: Glanduin means ‘border-river'." The essay is thus seen to

have arisen as an expansion and elaboration of the remarks in his reply.

The names of the Rivers

The essay begins with the lengthy excerpt and author's note given in UT:264-65 (and so not reproduced

here). A few variances between the published text and the typescript are noteworthy: where the published

text has Enedwaith the typescript reads Enedhwaith (this was an editorial change made in all excerpts from

this essay containing the name in Unfinished Tales; cf. XII:328-29 n. 66); and where the published text has

Ethraid Engrin, the typescript has Ethraid Engren (but note (Ered) Engrin, V.348 s.v. ANGĀ-, V.379 s.v.

ÓROT-, and many other places beside). In addition, a sentence referring to the ancient port called Lond Daer

Enedh was omitted before the last sentence of the author's note on UT:264; it reads: "It was the main entry

for the Númenóreans in the War against Sauron (Second Age 1693-1701)" (cf. LR:1058; and UT:239, 261-

65). Also, against the discussion of the approach to Tharbad that closes the first paragraph on UT:264,

Tolkien provided the cross-reference"I 287,390".10

Following the passage ending at the top of UT:264, the essay continues with this etymological discussion,

in reference to the name Glanduin:

glan: base (G)LAN, ‘rim, edge, border, boundary, limit'. This is seen in Q. lanya verb ‘bound,

enclose, separate from, mark the limit of; lanwa ‘within bounds, limited, finite, (well-)defined';

landa ‘a boundary'; lane (lani-) ‘hem'; lantalka ‘boundary post or mark'; cf. also lanka ‘sharp edge

(not of tools), sudden end', as e.g. a cliff-edge, or the clean edge of things made by hand or built,

also used in transferred senses, as in kuivie-lankasse, literally ‘on the brink of life', of a perilous

situation in which one is likely to fall into death.

It is debated whether gl- was an initial group in Common Eldarin or was a Telerin-Sindarin

innovation (much extended in Sindarin). In this case, at any rate, the initial gl- is shared by Telerin

and Sindarin and is found in all the derivatives in those languages (except in T. lanca, S. lane, the

equivalents of Q. lanka): T. glana 'edge, rim';11 glania- ‘to bound, limit'; glanna ‘limited, bounded';

glanda ‘a boundary': S. glân, ‘hem, border' (of textiles and other hand-made things), gland > glann

‘boundary'; glandagol ‘boundary mark';12 gleina- ‘bound, enclose, limit'.13

Tolkien then comments: "The names of the Rivers give some trouble; they were made up in a hurry

without sufficient consideration," before embarking upon a consideration of each name in turn. Significant

portions of this section of the essay have been given in Unfinished Tales. Extended passages are not repeated

here, but their places in the essay are indicated.

Adorn

This is not on the map, but is given as the name of the short river flowing into the Isen from the

west of Ered Nimrais in App. A, III 346.14 It is, as would be expected in any name in the region not

of Rohanese origin, of a form suitable to Sindarin; but it is not interpretable in Sindarin. It must be

supposed to be of pre-Númenórean origin adapted to Sindarin.15

Of this entry, Christopher Tolkien notes: "On the absence of the name on the map—referring of course to

my original map to The Lord of the Rings, which was replaced long after by the redrawing made to

accompany Unfinished Tales—see UT:261-62, footnote."

Gwathló

Of the next entry, headed "Gwathlo (-ló)", Christopher Tolkien writes: "The long discussion arising from

this name is found in UT:261-63, with the passage concerning the Púkel-men removed and cited in the

section on the Drúedain, UT.383-84. In the latter passage the sentence ‘Maybe even in the days of the War of

the Ring some of the Drú-folk lingered in the mountains of Andrast, the western outlier of the White

Mountains' contains an editorial change: the original text has ‘the mountains of Angast (Long Cape)’,16 and

the form Angast occurs again more than once in the essay. This change was based on the form

Andrast communicated by my father to Pauline Baynes for inclusion, with other new names, on her

decorated map of Middle-earth; see UT:261, footnote." A further editorial change may be noted: where the

published text has Lefnui (UT:263, repeated in the extracted note on Púkel-men, UT.383) the typescript reads

Levnui; cf. the entry for Levnui below.

An unused note against "the great promontory ... that formed the north arm of the Bay of Belfalas" (ibid.)

reads: "Afterwards called still Drúwaith (Iaur) ‘(Old) Pukel-land', and its dark woods were little visited, nor

considered as part of the realm of Gondor" Also, a sentence struck through by Tolkien, following "huge trees

... under which the boats of the adventurers crept silently up into the unknown land", reads: "It is said that

some even on this first expedition came as far as the great fenlands before they returned, fearing to become

bewildered in their mazes."

The discussion originally continued with the following etymological note, struck through at the same time

as the deleted sentence:

So it was that the river was called in Sindarin Gwathlo (in Adunaic Agathurush) ‘the flood under

shadow'. Gwath was a Sindarin word from a Common Eldarin base Wath or extended Wathar. It

was much used; though the Quenya relative waþar, later vasar, was not in daily use.17 The element

-lo was also of Common Eldarin origin, derived from a base (s)log: in Common Eldarin sloga had

been a word used for streams of a kind that were variable and liable to overflow their banks at

seasons and cause floods when swollen by rains or melting snow; especially such as the Glanduin

(described above) that had their sources in mountains and fell at first swiftly, but were halted in the

lower lands and flats, *sloga became in Sindarin lhô; but was not in later times much used except in

river or marsh names. The Quenya form would have been hloä.

This passage contains a note, also struck through, on the name Ringló, occurring after "Sindarin lhô",

given in the discussion of that entry below.

The deleted passage was replaced with that given at UT:263 starting at "So the first name they gave to it

was ‘River of Shadow', Gwath-hîr, Gwathir". It may be noted that the word lo in this passage was corrected

on the typescript from lhô. A note on the name Ringló, omitted from the passage in Unfinished Tales, occurs

after the words "Gwathlo, the shadowy river from the fens" For this note, and its development, see the entry

for Ringló below. After this note, an etymological statement intervenes before the last full paragraph of the

excerpt published in Unfinished Tales:

Gwath was a common Sindarin word for ‘shadow' or dim light—not for the shadows of actual

objects or persons cast by sun or moon or other lights: these were called morchaint 'dark-shapes'.18

It was derived from a Common Eldarin base WATH, and appeared also in S. gwathra-

‘overshadow, dim, veil, obscure'; gwathren (pl. gwethrin) ‘shadowy, dim'. Also related was auth ‘a

dim shape, spectral or vague apparition, from *aw'tha. This was also found in Quenya auþa, ausa of

similar sense; but the stem was otherwise only represented in Quenya by the extension waþar, vasar

‘a veil’, vasarya- ‘to veil'.

Lô was derived from Common Eldarin base LOG ‘wet (and soft), soaked, swampy, etc.' The

form *loga produced S. lô and T. loga; and also, from *logna, S. loen, T. logna ‘soaking wet,

swamped'. But the stem in Quenya, owing to sound-changes which caused its derivatives to clash

with other words, was little represented except in the intensive formation oloiya- ‘to inundate,

flood'; oloire a great flood'.

Against the words "owing to sound-changes which caused its derivatives to clash with other words"

Tolkien added this note:

Thus the Quenya form of S. lô would have been *loa, identical with Q. loa < *lawa ‘year'; the

form of S. loen, T. logna would have been *lóna identical with lóna ‘pool, mere' (from base LON

seen also in londe ‘haven, S. land, lonn).

Erui

Though this was the first of the Rivers of Gondor it cannot be used for ‘first'. In Eldarin er was

not used in counting in series: it meant ‘one, single, alone. erui is not the usual Sindarin for ‘single,

alone: that was ereb (< erikwa; cf. Q. erinqua); but it has the very common adjectival ending -ui of

Sindarin. The name must have been given because of the Rivers of Gondor it was the shortest and

swiftest and was the only one without a tributary.

Against the words "the very common adjectival ending -ui of Sindarin" Tolkien added this note:

This was used as a general adjectival ending without specialized significance (as e.g. in lithui ‘of

ash', or ‘ashen, ash-coloured, ashy, dusty'). It is of uncertain origin, but was probably derived from

the Common Eldarin adjectival -ya, which when added to noun-stems ending in C.E. -o, -u would

produce in Sindarin -ui. This being more distinctive was then transferred to other stems. The

products of āya > oe, and of ăya, ĕya, ĭya > ei; ŏya, ŭya > æ, e were not preserved in Sindarin.19

But -i, which could come from ēya, and from īya, remained also in (more limited) use; cf. Semi

below. The transference is exemplified in the ordinals, which in Sindarin were formed with -ui from

‘fourth' onwards, though -ui was only historically correct in othui ‘seventh' and tolhui 'eighth'.

‘First' was in older and more literary Sindarin mein (Q. minya); later minui was substituted [deleted:

in the colloquial language; ‘second' tadeg; ‘third' neleg]; but ‘fourth' cantui (canhui), ‘sixth' encui,

enchui,20 ‘ninth' nerthui [deleted: ‘tenth' caenui],21 etc. On ‘fifth' see below under the name Lefnui.

Serni

Christopher Tolkien writes: "The statement about this name is given in the Index to Unfinished Tales, but

with a misprint that has never been corrected: the Sindarin word meaning ‘pebble' is sarn, not sern." The

opening sentence reads: "An adjectival formation from S. sarn ‘small stone, pebble (as described above), or a

collective, the equivalent of Q. sarnie (sarniye) ‘shingle, pebble-bank." An unused sentence, occurring

before "Its mouth was blocked with shingles" reads: "It was the only one of the five to fall into the delta of

the Anduin."

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TheRiversandBeacon-hillsofGondorbyJ.R.R.TolkienEditedbyCarlF.HostetterWithadditionalcommentaryandmaterialsprovidedbyChristopherTolkienJ.R.R.andChristopherTolkien'stexts©2001TheTolkienTrustIntroductionThishistoricalandetymologicalessaytitledonly"Nomenclature"byitsauthor,belongswithother,similarwritin...

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