(Ebook) Asimov,Isaac - I,Robot

I, Robot

Isaac Asimov

TO JOHN W. CAMPBELL, JR, who godfathered THE ROBOTS

The story entitled Robbie was first published as Strange Playfellow in Super Science Stories.

The following stories were originally published in Astounding Science Fiction:

Asimov.

CONTENTS

Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 2

Robbie................................................................................................................................................. 5

Runaround......................................................................................................................................... 20

Reason............................................................................................................................................... 34

Catch That Rabbit ............................................................................................................................. 48

Liar!................................................................................................................................................... 63

Little Lost Robot............................................................................................................................... 77

Escape!.............................................................................................................................................. 97

Evidence.......................................................................................................................................... 114

The Evitable Conflict...................................................................................................................... 132

2

Introduction

I LOOKED AT MY NOTES AND I DIDN’T LIKE THEM. I’d spent three days at U. S. Robots and might as

well have spent them at home with the Encyclopedia Tellurica.

Susan Calvin had been born in the year 1982, they said, which made her seventy-five now.

Everyone knew that. Appropriately enough, U. S. Robot and Mechanical Men, Inc. was seventy-

five also, since it had been in the year of Dr. Calvin’s birth that Lawrence Robertson had first taken

out incorporation papers for what eventually became the strangest industrial giant in man’s history.

Well, everyone knew that, too.

At the age of twenty, Susan Calvin had been part of the particular Psycho-Math seminar at which

Dr. Alfred Lanning of U. S. Robots had demonstrated the first mobile robot to be equipped with a

voice. It was a large, clumsy unbeautiful robot, smelling of machine-oil and destined for the

projected mines on Mercury. But it could speak and make sense.

Susan said nothing at that seminar; took no part in the hectic discussion period that followed. She

was a frosty girl, plain and colorless, who protected herself against a world she disliked by a mask-

like expression and a hypertrophy of intellect. But as she watched and listened, she felt the stirrings

of a cold enthusiasm.

She obtained her bachelor’s degree at Columbia in 2003 and began graduate work in cybernetics.

All that had been done in the mid-twentieth century on “calculating machines” had been upset by

Robertson and his positronic brain-paths. The miles of relays and photocells had given way to the

spongy globe of plantinumiridium about the size of a human brain.

She learned to calculate the parameters necessary to fix the possible variables within the “positronic

brain”; to construct “brains” on paper such that the responses to given stimuli could be accurately

predicted.

In 2008, she obtained her Ph.D. and joined United States Robots as a “Robopsychologist,”

becoming the first great practitioner of a new science. Lawrence Robertson was still president of

the corporation; Alfred Lanning had become director of research.

For fifty years, she watched the direction of human progress change and leap ahead.

Now she was retiring — as much as she ever could. At least, she was allowing someone else’s

name to be inset upon the door of her office.

That, essentially, was what I had. I had a long list of her published papers, of the patents in her

name; I had the chronological details of her promotions. In short I had her professional “vita” in

full detail.

But that wasn’t what I wanted.

I needed more than that for my feature articles for Interplanetary Press. Much more.

I told her so.

“Dr. Calvin,” I said, as lushly as possible, “in the mind of the public you and U. S. Robots are

identical. Your retirement will end an era and–”

3

“You want the human-interest angle?” She didn’t smile at me. I don’t think she ever smiles. But her

eyes were sharp, though not angry. I felt her glance slide through me and out my occiput and knew

that I was uncommonly transparent to her; that everybody was.

But I said, “That’s right.”

“Human interest out of robots? A contradiction.”

“No, doctor. Out of you.”

“Well, I’ve been called a robot myself. Surely, they’ve told you I’m not human.”

They had, but there was no point in saying so.

She got up from her chair. She wasn’t tall and she looked frail. I followed her to the window and

we looked out.

The offices and factories of U. S. Robots were a small city; spaced and planned. It was flattened out

like an aerial photograph.

“When I first came here,” she said, “I had a little room in a building right about there where the

fire-house is now.” She pointed. “It was torn down before you were born. I shared the room with

three others. I had half a desk. We built our robots all in one building. Output — three a week. Now

look at us.”

“Fifty Years,” I hackneyed, “is a long time.”

“Not when you’re looking back at them,” she said. “You wonder how they vanished so quickly.”

She went back to her desk and sat down. She didn’t need expression on her face to look sad,

somehow.

“How old are you?” she wanted to know.

“Thirty-two,” I said.

“Then you don’t remember a world without robots. There was a time when humanity faced the

universe alone and without a friend. Now he has creatures to help him; stronger creatures than

himself, more faithful, more useful, and absolutely devoted to him. Mankind is no longer alone.

Have you ever thought of it that way?”

“I’m afraid I haven’t. May I quote you?”

“You may. To you, a robot is a robot. Gears and metal; electricity and positrons. Mind and iron!

Human-made! If necessary, human-destroyed! But you haven’t worked with them, so you don’t

know them. They’re a cleaner, better breed than we are.”

I tried to nudge her gently with words, “We’d like to hear some of the things you could tell us; get

your views on robots. The Interplanetary Press reaches the entire Solar System. Potential audience

is three billion, Dr. Calvin. They ought to know what you could tell them on robots.”

It wasn’t necessary to nudge. She didn’t hear me, but she was moving in the right direction.

“They might have known that from the start. We sold robots for Earth-use then — before my time

it was, even. Of course, that was when robots could not talk. Afterward, they became more human

and opposition began. The labor unions, of course, naturally opposed robot competition for human

4

jobs, and various segments of religious opinion had their superstitious objections. It was all quite

ridiculous and quite useless. And yet there it was.”

I was taking it down verbatim on my pocket-recorder, trying not to show the knuckle-motions of

my hand. If you practice a bit, you can get to the point where you can record accurately without

taking the little gadget out of your pocket.

“Take the case of Robbie,” she said. “I never knew him. He was dismantled the year before I joined

the company — hopelessly out-of-date. But I saw the little girl in the museum–”

She stopped, but I didn’t say anything. I let her eyes mist up and her mind travel back. She had lots

of time to cover.

“I heard about it later, and when they called us blasphemers and demon-creators, I always thought

of him. Robbie was a non-vocal robot. He couldn’t speak. He was made and sold in 1996. Those

were the days before extreme specialization, so he was sold as a nursemaid.”

“As a what?”

“As a nursemaid.”

5

Robbie

“NINETY-EIGHT – NINETY-NINE – ONE HUNDRED.” Gloria withdrew her chubby little forearm from

before her eyes and stood for a moment, wrinkling her nose and blinking in the sunlight. Then,

trying to watch in all directions at once, she withdrew a few cautious steps from the tree against

which she had been leaning.

She craned her neck to investigate the possibilities of a clump of bushes to the right and then

withdrew farther to obtain a better angle for viewing its dark recesses. The quiet was profound

except for the incessant buzzing of insects and the occasional chirrup of some hardy bird, braving

the midday sun.

Gloria pouted, “I bet he went inside the house, and I’ve told him a million times that that’s not

fair.”

With tiny lips pressed together tightly and a severe frown crinkling her forehead, she moved

determinedly toward the two-story building up past the driveway.

Too late she heard the rustling sound behind her, followed by the distinctive and rhythmic clump-

clump of Robbie’s metal feet. She whirled about to see her triumphing companion emerge from

hiding and make for the home-tree at full speed.

Gloria shrieked in dismay. “Wait, Robbie! That wasn’t fair, Robbie! You promised you wouldn’t

run until I found you.” Her little feet could make no headway at all against Robbie’s giant strides.

Then, within ten feet of the goal, Robbie’s pace slowed suddenly to the merest of crawls, and

Gloria, with one final burst of wild speed, dashed pantingly past him to touch the welcome bark of

home-tree first.

Gleefully, she turned on the faithful Robbie, and with the basest of ingratitude, rewarded him for

his sacrifice by taunting him cruelly for a lack of running ability.

“Robbie can’t run,” she shouted at the top of her eight-year-old voice. “I can beat him any day. I

can beat him any day.” She chanted the words in a shrill rhythm.

Robbie didn’t answer, of course — not in words. He pantomimed running instead, inching away

until Gloria found herself running after him as he dodged her narrowly, forcing her to veer in

helpless circles, little arms outstretched and fanning at the air.

“Robbie,” she squealed, “stand still!” — And the laughter was forced out of her in breathless jerks.

Until he turned suddenly and caught her up, whirling her round, so that for her the world fell away

for a moment with a blue emptiness beneath, and green trees stretching hungrily downward toward

the void. Then she was down in the grass again, leaning against Robbie’s leg and still holding a

hard, metal finger.

After a while, her breath returned. She pushed uselessly at her disheveled hair in vague imitation of

one of her mother’s gestures and twisted to see if her dress were torn.

She slapped her hand against Robbie’s torso, “Bad boy! I’ll spank you!”

And Robbie cowered, holding his hands over his face so that she had to add, “No, I won’t, Robbie.

I won’t spank you. But anyway, it’s my turn to hide now because you’ve got longer legs and you

promised not to run till I found you.”

6

Robbie nodded his head — a small parallelepiped with rounded edges and corners attached to a

similar but much larger parallelepiped that served as torso by means of a short, flexible stalk — and

obediently faced the tree. A thin, metal film descended over his glowing eyes and from within his

body came a steady, resonant ticking.

“Don’t peek now — and don’t skip any numbers,” warned Gloria, and scurried for cover.

With unvarying regularity, seconds were ticked off, and at the hundredth, up went the eyelids, and

the glowing red of Robbie’s eyes swept the prospect. They rested for a moment on a bit of colorful

gingham that protruded from behind a boulder. He advanced a few steps and convinced himself that

it was Gloria who squatted behind it.

Slowly, remaining always between Gloria and home-tree, he advanced on the hiding place, and

when Gloria was plainly in sight and could no longer even theorize to herself that she was not seen,

he extended one arm toward her, slapping the other against his leg so that it rang again. Gloria

emerged sulkily.

“You peeked!” she exclaimed, with gross unfairness. “Besides I’m tired of playing hide-and-seek. I

want a ride.”

But Robbie was hurt at the unjust accusation, so he seated himself carefully and shook his head

ponderously from side to side.

Gloria changed her tone to one of gentle coaxing immediately, “Come on, Robbie. I didn’t mean it

about the peeking. Give me a ride.”

Robbie was not to be won over so easily, though. He gazed stubbornly at the sky, and shook his

head even more emphatically.

“Please, Robbie, please give me a ride.” She encircled his neck with rosy arms and hugged tightly.

Then, changing moods in a moment, she moved away. “If you don’t, I’m going to cry,” and her

face twisted appallingly in preparation.

Hard-hearted Robbie paid scant attention to this dreadful possibility, and shook his head a third

time. Gloria found it necessary to play her trump card.

“If you don’t,” she exclaimed warmly, “I won’t tell you any more stories, that’s all. Not one–”

Robbie gave in immediately and unconditionally before this ultimatum, nodding his head

vigorously until the metal of his neck hummed. Carefully, he raised the little girl and placed her on

his broad, flat shoulders.

Gloria’s threatened tears vanished immediately and she crowed with delight. Robbie’s metal skin,

kept at a constant temperature of seventy by the high resistance coils within, felt nice and

comfortable, while the beautifully loud sound her heels made as they bumped rhythmically against

his chest was enchanting.

“You’re an air-coaster, Robbie, you’re a big, silver aircoaster. Hold out your arms straight. — You

got to, Robbie, if you’re going to be an aircoaster.”

The logic was irrefutable. Robbie’s arms were wings catching the air currents and he was a silver

‘coaster.

Gloria twisted the robot’s head and leaned to the right. He banked sharply. Gloria equipped the

‘coaster with a motor that went “Br-r-r” and then with weapons that went “Powie” and “Sh-sh-

7

shshsh.” Pirates were giving chase and the ship’s blasters were coming into play. The pirates

dropped in a steady rain.

“Got another one. Two more,” she cried.

Then “Faster, men,” Gloria said pompously, “we’re running out of ammunition.” She aimed over

her shoulder with undaunted courage and Robbie was a blunt-nosed spaceship zooming through the

void at maximum acceleration.

Clear across the field he sped, to the patch of tall grass on the other side, where he stopped with a

suddenness that evoked a shriek from his flushed rider, and then tumbled her onto the soft, green

carpet.

Gloria gasped and panted, and gave voice to intermittent whispered exclamations of “That was

nice!”

Robbie waited until she had caught her breath and then pulled gently at a lock of hair.

“You want something?” said Gloria, eyes wide in an apparently artless complexity that fooled her

huge “nursemaid” not at all. He pulled the curl harder.

“Oh, I know. You want a story.”

Robbie nodded rapidly.

“Which one?”

Robbie made a semi-circle in the air with one finger.

The little girl protested, “Again? I’ve told you Cinderella a million times. Aren’t you tired of it? –

It’s for babies.”

Another semi-circle.

“Oh, well,” Gloria composed herself, ran over the details of the tale in her mind (together with her

own elaborations, of which she had several) and began:

“Are you ready? Well — once upon a time there was a beautiful little girl whose name was Ella.

And she had a terribly cruel step-mother and two very ugly and very cruel step-sisters and–”

Gloria was reaching the very climax of the tale — midnight was striking and everything was

changing back to the shabby originals lickety-split, while Robbie listened tensely with burning eyes

— when the interruption came.

“Gloria!”

It was the high-pitched sound of a woman who has been calling not once, but several times; and

had the nervous tone of one in whom anxiety was beginning to overcome impatience.

“Mamma’s calling me,” said Gloria, not quite happily. “You’d better carry me back to the house,

Robbie.”

Robbie obeyed with alacrity for somehow there was that in him which judged it best to obey Mrs.

Weston, without as much as a scrap of hesitation. Gloria’s father was rarely home in the daytime

except on Sunday — today, for instance — and when he was, he proved a genial and understanding

person. Gloria’s mother, however, was a source of uneasiness to Robbie and there was always the

impulse to sneak away from her sight.

8

Mrs. Weston caught sight of them the minute they rose above the masking tufts of long grass and

retired inside the house to wait.

“I’ve shouted myself hoarse, Gloria,” she said, severely. “Where were you?”

“I was with Robbie,” quavered Gloria. “I was telling him Cinderella, and I forgot it was dinner-

time.”

“Well, it’s a pity Robbie forgot, too.” Then, as if that reminded her of the robot’s presence, she

whirled upon him. “You may go, Robbie. She doesn’t need you now.” Then, brutally, “And don’t

come back till I call you.”

Robbie turned to go, but hesitated as Gloria cried out in his defense, “Wait, Mamma, you got to let

him stay. I didn’t finish Cinderella for him. I said I would tell him Cinderella and I’m not finished.”

“Gloria!”

“Honest and truly, Mamma, he’ll stay so quiet, you won’t even know he’s here. He can sit on the

chair in the corner, and he won’t say a word, I mean he won’t do anything. Will you, Robbie?”

Robbie, appealed to, nodded his massive head up and down once.

“Gloria, if you don’t stop this at once, you shan’t see Robbie for a whole week.”

The girl’s eyes fell, “All right! But Cinderella is his favorite story and I didn’t finish it. —And he

likes it so much.”

The robot left with a disconsolate step and Gloria choked back a sob.

George Weston was comfortable. It was a habit of his to be comfortable on Sunday afternoons. A

good, hearty dinner below the hatches; a nice, soft, dilapidated couch on which to sprawl; a copy of

the Times; slippered feet and shirtless chest; how could anyone help but be comfortable?

He wasn’t pleased, therefore, when his wife walked in. After ten years of married life, be still was

so unutterably foolish as to love her, and there was no question that he was always glad to see her

— still Sunday afternoons just after dinner were sacred to him and his idea of solid comfort was to

be left in utter solitude for two or three hours. Consequently, he fixed his eye firmly upon the latest

reports of the Lefebre-Yoshida expedition to Mars (this one was to take off from Lunar Base and

might actually succeed) and pretended she wasn’t there.

Mrs. Weston waited patiently for two minutes, then impatiently for two more, and finally broke the

silence.

“George!”

“Hmpph?”

“George, I say! Will you put down that paper and look at me?”

The paper rustled to the floor and Weston turned a weary face toward his wife, “What is it, dear?”

“You know what it is, George. It’s Gloria and that terrible machine.”

“What terrible machine?”

“Now don’t pretend you don’t know what I’m talking about. It’s that robot Gloria calls Robbie. He

doesn’t leave her for a moment.”

9

“Well, why should he? He’s not supposed to. And he certainly isn’t a terrible machine. He’s the

best darn robot money can buy and I’m damned sure he set me back half a year’s income. He’s

worth it, though — darn sight cleverer than half my office staff.”

He made a move to pick up the paper again, but his wife was quicker and snatched it away.

“You listen to me, George. I won’t have my daughter entrusted to a machine — and I don’t care

how clever it is. It has no soul, and no one knows what it may be thinking. A child just isn’t made

to be guarded by a thing of metal.”

Weston frowned, “When did you decide this? He’s been with Gloria two years now and I haven’t

seen you worry till now.”

“It was different at first. It was a novelty; it took a load off me, and — and it was a fashionable

thing to do. But now I don’t know. The neighbors–”

“Well, what have the neighbors to do with it? Now, look. A robot is infinitely more to be trusted

than a human nursemaid. Robbie was constructed for only one purpose really — to be the

companion of a little child. His entire ‘mentality’ has been created for the purpose. He just can’t

help being faithful and loving and kind. He’s a machine-made so. That’s more than you can say for

humans.”

“But something might go wrong. Some- some-” Mrs. Weston was a bit hazy about the insides of a

robot, “some little jigger will come loose and the awful thing will go berserk and- and-” She

couldn’t bring herself to complete the quite obvious thought.

“Nonsense,” Weston denied, with an involuntary nervous shiver. “That’s completely ridiculous.

We had a long discussion at the time we bought Robbie about the First Law of Robotics. You know

that it is impossible for a robot to harm a human being; that long before enough can go wrong to

alter that First Law, a robot would be completely inoperable. It’s a mathematical impossibility.

Besides I have an engineer from U. S. Robots here twice a year to give the poor gadget a complete

overhaul. Why, there’s no more chance of any thing at all going wrong with Robbie than there is of

you or I suddenly going loony — considerably less, in fact. Besides, how are you going to take him

away from Gloria?”

He made another futile stab at the paper and his wife tossed it angrily into the next room.

“That’s just it, George! She won’t play with anyone else. There are dozens of little boys and girls

that she should make friends with, but she won’t. She won’t go near them unless I make her. That’s

no way for a little girl to grow up. You want her to be normal, don’t you? You want her to be able

to take her part in society.”

“You’re jumping at shadows, Grace. Pretend Robbie’s a dog. I’ve seen hundreds of children who

would rather have their dog than their father.”

“A dog is different, George. We must get rid of that horrible thing. You can sell it back to the

company. I’ve asked, and you can.”

“You’ve asked? Now look here, Grace, let’s not go off the deep end. We’re keeping the robot until

Gloria is older and I don’t want the subject brought up again.” And with that he walked out of the

room in a huff.

Mrs. Weston met her husband at the door two evenings later. “You’ll have to listen to this, George.

There’s bad feeling in the village.”

10

“About what?” asked Weston? He stepped into the washroom and drowned out any possible answer

by the splash of water.

Mrs. Weston waited. She said, “About Robbie.”

Weston stepped out, towel in hand, face red and angry, “What are you talking about?”

“Oh, it’s been building up and building up. I’ve tried to close my eyes to it, but I’m not going to

any more. Most of the villagers consider Robbie dangerous. Children aren’t allowed to go near our

place in the evenings.”

“We trust our child with the thing.”

“Well, people aren’t reasonable about these things.”

“Then to hell with them.”

“Saying that doesn’t solve the problem. I’ve got to do my shopping down there. I’ve got to meet

them every day. And it’s even worse in the city these days when it comes to robots. New York has

just passed an ordinance keeping all robots off the streets between sunset and sunrise.”

“All right, but they can’t stop us from keeping a robot in our home. Grace, this is one of your

campaigns. I recognize it. But it’s no use. The answer is still, no! We’re keeping Robbie!”

And yet he loved his wife — and what was worse, his wife knew it. George Weston, after all, was

only a man — poor thing — and his wife made full use of every device which a clumsier and more

scrupulous sex has learned, with reason and futility, to fear.

Ten times in the ensuing week, he cried, “Robbie stays, and that’s final!” and each time it was

weaker and accompanied by a louder and more agonized groan.

Came the day at last, when Weston approached his daughter guiltily and suggested a “beautiful”

visivox show in the village.

Gloria clapped her hands happily, “Can Robbie go?”

“No, dear,” he said, and winced at the sound of his voice, “they won’t allow robots at the visivox

— but you can tell him all about it when you get home.” He stumbled all over the last few words

and looked away.

Gloria came back from town bubbling over with enthusiasm, for the visivox had been a gorgeous

spectacle indeed.

She waited for her father to maneuver the jet-car into the sunken garage, “Wait till I tell Robbie,

Daddy. He would have liked it like anything. Especially when Francis Fran was backing away so-

o-o quietly, and backed right into one of the Leopard-Men and had to run.” She laughed again,

“Daddy, are there really Leopard-Men on the Moon?”

“Probably not,” said Weston absently. “It’s just funny make-believe.” He couldn’t take much

longer with the car. He’d have to face it.

Gloria ran across the lawn. “Robbie. —Robbie!”

Then she stopped suddenly at the sight of a beautiful collie which regarded her out of serious

brown eyes as it wagged its tail on the porch.

(Ebook) Asimov, Isaac - I, Robot

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