So it is fair to say that even the most informed scientists, standing on the
threshold of the twentieth century, had no idea what was to come.
Now that we stand on the threshold of the twenty-first century, the situation is
oddly similar. Once again, physicists believe the physical world has been
explained, and that no further revolutions lie ahead. Because of prior history,
they no longer express this view publicly, but they think it just the same. Some
observers have even gone so far as to argue that science as a discipline has
finished its work; that there is nothing important left for science to discover.
But just as the late nineteenth century gave hints of what was to come, so the
late twentieth century also provides some clues to the future. One of the most
important is the interest in so-called quantum technology. This is an effort on
many fronts to create a new technology that utilizes the fundamental nature of
subatomic reality, and it promises to revolutionize our ideas of what is
possible.
Quantum technology flatly contradicts our common sense ideas of how the world
works. It posits a world where computers operate without being turned on and
objects are found without looking for them. An unimaginably powerful computer
can be built from a single molecule. Information moves instantly between two
points, without wires or networks. Distant objects are examined without any
contact. Computers do their calculations in other universes. And teleportation -
"Beam me up, Scotty" - is ordinary and used in many different ways.
In the 1990s, research in quantum technology began to show results. In 1995,
quantum ultrasecure messages were sent over a distance of eight miles,
suggesting that a quantum Internet would be built in the coming century. In Los
Alamos, physicists measured the thickness of a human hair using laser light that
was never actually shone on the hair, but only might have been. This bizarre,
"counterfactual" result initiated a new field of interaction-free detection:
what has been called "finding something without looking."
And in 1998, quantum teleportation was demonstrated in three laboratories around
the world - in Innsbruck, in Rome and at Cal Tech.* Physicist Jeff Kimble,
leader of the Cal Tech team, said that quantum teleportation could be applied to
solid objects: "The quantum state of one entity could be transported to another
entity. . . . We think we know how to do that."² Kimble stopped well short of
suggesting they could teleport a human being, but he imagined that someone might
try with a bacterium.
These quantum curiosities, defying logic and common sense, have received little
attention from the public, but they will. According to some estimates, by the
first decades of the new century, the majority of physicists around the world
will work in some aspect of quantum technology.
It is therefore not surprising that during the mid-1990s, several corporations
undertook quantum research. Fujitsu Quantum Devices was established in 1991. IBM
formed a quantum research team in 1993, under pioneer Charles Bennett. ATT and
other companies soon followed, as did universities such as Cal Tech, and
government facilities like Los Alamos. And so did a New Mexico research company
called ITC. Located only an hour's drive from Los Alamos, ITC made remarkable
strides very early in the decade. Indeed, it is now clear that ITC was the first
company to have a practical, working application employing advanced quantum
technology, in 1998. In retrospect, it was a combination of peculiar
circumstances - and considerable luck - that gave ITC the lead in a dramatic new
technology. Although the company took the position that their discoveries were
entirely benign, their so-called recovery expedition showed the dangers only too
clearly. Two people died, one vanished, and another suffered serious injuries.
Certainly, for the young graduate students who undertook the expedition, this
new quantum technology, harbinger of the twenty-first century, proved anything
but benign.