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CliffsTestPrep®

The NEW *SAT

includes the New *PSAT/NMSQT

3RD EDITION

Jerry Bobrow, Ph.D.

Contributing Authors/Consultants

Bernard V. Zandy, M.S.

William A. Covino, Ph.D.

Allan Casson, Ph.D.

Jean Eggenschwiler, M.A.

Don Gallaher, M.S.

01_559168 ffirs.qxd 11/30/04 11:38 PM Page i

CliffsTestPrep®

The NEW *SAT

includes the New *PSAT/NMSQT

3RD EDITION

Jerry Bobrow, Ph.D.

Contributing Authors/Consultants

Bernard V. Zandy, M.S.

William A. Covino, Ph.D.

Allan Casson, Ph.D.

Jean Eggenschwiler, M.A.

Don Gallaher, M.S.

01_559168 ffirs.qxd 11/30/04 11:38 PM Page i

CliffsTestPrep®The NEW *SAT, 3rd Edition

Published by:

Wiley Publishing, Inc.

111 River Street

Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774

www.wiley.com

Published by Wiley, Hoboken, NJ

Published simultaneously in Canada

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bobrow, Jerry.

The NEW SAT / by Jerry Bobrow; contributing authors, Bernard V. Zandy ... [et al.].— 3rd ed.

p. cm.— (CliffsTestPrep)

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 0-7645-5916-8 (pbk.)

1. Scholastic Assessment Test—Study guides. 2. Preliminary Scholastic Assessment Test—Study guides. 3. Universities and colleges—United States—Entrance

Examinations—Study guides. I. Title. II. Series.

LB2353.57.B635 2005

378.1'662—dc22

2004023268

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

3B/RX/RS/QU/IN

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,

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Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, CliffsNotes, the CliffsNotes logo, Cliffs, CliffsAP, CliffsComplete, CliffsQuickReview, CliffsStudySolver,

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Inc. and/or its affiliates. *SAT is a registered trademark of the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

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About the Author

Jerry Bobrow, Ph.D., is a national authority in the field of

test preparation. As executive director of Bobrow Test

Preparation Services, he has been administering the test

preparation programs at more than 25 California institutions

for the past 30 years. Dr. Bobrow has authored more than 40

national best-selling test preparation books, and his books

and programs have assisted more than two million test-

takers. Each year, Dr. Bobrow personally lectures to thou-

sands of students on preparing for graduate, college, and

teacher credentialing exams.

I would like to thank Michele Spence for her many hours of

editing the original manuscript, and Christina Stambaugh,

of Wiley, for her assistance and careful attention to the pro-

duction process. I would also like to thank my office staff of

Joy Mondragon, Cindy Hadash, and Deena Mondragon for

their assistance. Finally, I would like to thank my wife,

Susan; daughter, Jennifer; and sons, Adam and Jonathan, for

their patience, moral support, and comic relief.

Publisher’s Acknowledgments

Editorial

Project Editor: Christina Stambaugh

Acquisitions Editor: Greg Tubach

Copy Editor: Christina Stambaugh

Production

Proofreader: Debbye Butler

Wiley Publishing, Inc. Composition Services

Note: If you purchased this book without a cover,

you should be aware that this book is stolen property.

It was reported as “unsold and destroyed” to the pub-

lisher, and neither the author nor the publisher has

received any payment for this “stripped book.”

01_559168 ffirs.qxd 11/30/04 11:38 PM Page ii

Table of Contents

Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii

SAT Study Guide Checklist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

PSAT/NMSQT Study Guide Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

General Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Comparing the “Older” SAT to the New SAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Special Notes for the New SAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Questions Commonly Asked about the New SAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Taking the New SAT: Successful Overall Approaches for Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . 6

I. The “Plus-Minus” System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

II. The Elimination Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

III. The “Avoiding Misreads” Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

IV. The Multiple-Multiple-Choice Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

PART I: ANALYSIS OF EXAM AREAS

Introduction to the Critical Reading Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Sentence Completion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Ability Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Analysis of Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Suggested Approaches with Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Critical Reading Passages (Short and Long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Ability Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Analysis of Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Suggested Approaches with Sample Passages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Short Paragraph-Length Reading Passages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Related, or Paired, Passages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Specific Strategies for Questions Based on Paired Passages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Introduction to the Mathematics Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Using Your Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Basic Skills and Concepts that You Should Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Number and Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Algebra and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Geometry and Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Data Analysis, Statistics, and Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Ability Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Analysis of Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Suggested Approaches with Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

02_559168 ftoc.qxd 11/30/04 11:38 PM Page iii

Grid-In Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Ability Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Directions with Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Practice Grid-Ins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Suggested Approaches with Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Charts, Tables, and Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Charts and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Introduction to the Writing Section—Essay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Ability Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Analysis of Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Scoring the Essay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Analyzing the Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Score of 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Score of 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Score of 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Score of 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Score of 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Score of 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Reviewing the Writing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Preparing to Write (Prewriting) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Writing the Essay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Proofreading (Editing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

A Specific Approach: The “Why Essay” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Two Well-Written Essays (with Comments) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Eight Important Points to Consider When Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

A Few Sample Topics for Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Topic 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Topic 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Introduction to the Writing Section—Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Common Errors to Watch For . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Identifying Sentence Error Questions (Usage) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Ability Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Analysis of Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3

Suggested Approaches with Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Improving Sentences Questions (Sentence Correction) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Ability Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Analysis of Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Suggested Approaches with Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Improving Paragraphs Questions (Revision in Context) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Ability Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Basic Skills Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Analysis of Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 0

A Special Look at Sentence Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Suggested Approaches with Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

CliffsTestPrep The NEW SAT, 3rd Edition

02_559168 ftoc.qxd 11/30/04 11:38 PM Page iv

Table of Contents

PART II: PRACTICE-REVIEW-ANALYZE-PRACTICE

Practice Test 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Section 1: Writing—Essay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Section 2: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Section 3: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Section 4: Writing—Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Section 5: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Section 6: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Section 7: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Section 8: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Section 9: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Section 10: Writing—Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Scoring Practice Test 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Answer Key for Practice Test 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Analyzing Your Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Reviewing the Essay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Critical Reading Analysis Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Mathematics Analysis Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Writing—Multiple-Choice Analysis Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Analysis/Tally Sheet for Problems Missed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Complete Answers and Explanations for Practice Test 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Section 2: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Section 3: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Section 4: Writing—Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Section 5: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Section 6: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Section 7: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

Section 8: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Section 9: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

Section 10: Writing—Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Practice Test 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Section 1: Writing—Essay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Section 2: Writing—Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Section 3: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Section 4: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Section 5: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

Section 6: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Section 7: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Section 8: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Section 9: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

Section 10: Writing—Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

Scoring Practice Test 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Answer Key for Practice Test 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Analyzing Your Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Reviewing the Essay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Critical Reading Analysis Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Mathematics Analysis Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

Writing—Multiple-Choice Analysis Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Analysis/Tally Sheet for Problems Missed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Complete Answers and Explanations for Practice Test 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

Section 2: Writing—Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

Section 3: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

Section 4: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

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CliffsTestPrep The NEW SAT, 3rd Edition

Section 5: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

Section 6: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

Section 7: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

Section 8: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

Section 9: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Section 10: Writing—Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

Practice Test 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

Section 1: Writing—Essay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

Section 2: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

Section 3: Writing—Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

Section 4: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Section 5: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

Section 6: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

Section 7: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

Section 8: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Section 9: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Section 10: Writing—Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

Scoring Practice Test 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

Answer Key for Practice Test 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

Analyzing Your Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

Reviewing the Essay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

Critical Reading Analysis Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

Mathematics Analysis Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

Writing—Multiple-Choice Analysis Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

Analysis/Tally Sheet for Problems Missed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

Complete Answers and Explanations for Practice Test 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

Section 2: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

Section 3: Writing—Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

Section 4: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

Section 5: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

Section 6: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

Section 7: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

Section 8: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

Section 9: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382

Section 10: Writing—Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

SAT Score Range Approximator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

How to Approximate Your Score in Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

How to Approximate Your Score in Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

How to Approximate Your Score in Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

PART III: ABOUT THE PSAT/NMSQT

Introduction to the PSAT/NMSQT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393

General Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393

Critical Reading, Math, and Writing Skills Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394

PSAT/NMSQT Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

Section 1: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

Section 2: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

Section 3: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

Section 4: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

Section 5: Writing Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

02_559168 ftoc.qxd 11/30/04 11:38 PM Page vi

Scoring PSAT/NMSQT Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

Analyzing Your Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

Critical Reading Analysis Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

Mathematics Analysis Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434

Writing Skills Analysis Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434

Analysis/Tally Sheet for Problems Missed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434

Complete Answers and Explanations for PSAT/NMSQT Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435

Section 1: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435

Section 2: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

Section 3: Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440

Section 4: Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

Section 5: Writing Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

PSAT/NMSQT Score Range Approximator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

How to Approximate Your Score in Critical Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

How to Approximate Your Score in Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

How to Approximate Your Score in Writing Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450

List of Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

Additional Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452

Final Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

The Final Touches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

vii

Table of Contents

02_559168 ftoc.qxd 11/30/04 11:38 PM Page vii

viii

Preface

The SAT and PSAT/NMSQT have changed, but good scores can still make the difference! And because of these

facts, you can’t afford to take a chance. Prepare with the best! Because better scores result from thorough prepara-

tion, your study time must be used most effectively. CliffsTestPrep The NEW SAT, 3rd Edition has been designed

by leading experts in the field of test preparation to be the most comprehensive guide that you can realistically

complete in a reasonable time. In keeping with the fine tradition of CliffsNotes, this guide is written for the stu-

dent. It is direct, precise, compact, easy to use, and thorough. The testing strategies, techniques, and materials have

been researched, tested, and evaluated and are presently used in SAT test preparation programs at many leading

colleges and universities. This book emphasizes the Bobrow Test Preparation Services approach, developed during

the past 30 years with thousands of students in preparation programs. The Bobrow approach focuses on the six

major areas that should be considered when preparing for the new SAT:

1. Ability Tested

2. Basic Skills Necessary

3. Understanding Directions

4. Analysis of Directions

5. Suggested Approaches with Samples

6. Practice-Review-Analyze-Practice

This guide combines introductory analysis sections for each exam area with lots of practice—four full-length

practice tests (three new SATs and one new PSAT/NMSQT). These practice tests have complete answers, in-depth

explanations, analysis charts, and score range approximators to give you a thorough understanding of the new SAT

and PSAT/NMSQT.

CliffsTestPrep The NEW SAT was written to give you the edge in doing your best by giving you maximum benefit

in a reasonable amount of time and is meant to augment, not substitute for, formal or informal learning throughout

junior high and high school.

Don’t take a chance. Be prepared! Follow the Study Guide Checklist in this book and study regularly. You’ll get

the best test preparation possible.

03_559168 fpref.qxd 11/30/04 11:38 PM Page viii

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CliffsTestPrep®TheNEW*SATincludestheNew*PSAT/NMSQT3RDEDITIONbyJerryBobrow,Ph.D.ContributingAuthors/ConsultantsBernardV.Zandy,M.S.WilliamA.Covino,Ph.D.AllanCasson,Ph.D.JeanEggenschwiler,M.A.DonGallaher,M.S.01_559168ffirs.qxd11/30/0411:38PMPagei01_559168ffirs.qxd11/30/0411:38PMPageiCliffsTestPrep®TheN...

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