BC-IoDT Blockchain-based Framework for Authentication in Internet of Drone Things

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BC-IoDT: Blockchain-based Framework for Authentication in

Internet of Drone Things

Junaid Akram

The University of Sydney

Sydney, Australia

jakr7229@sydney.edu.au

Awais Akram

COMSATS University Islamabad

Vehari, Pakistan

awaisakram1212@gmail.com

Rutvij H. Jhaveri

Pandit Deendayal Energy University

Gujarat , India

rutvij.jhaveri@sot.pdpu.ac.in

Mamoun Alazab

Charles Darwin University

Darwin, Australia

Alazab.m@ieee.org

Haoran Chi

Universidade de Aveiro

Aveiro, Portugal

haoran.chi@ua.pt

ABSTRACT

We leverage blockchain technology for drone node authentication

in internet of drone things (IoDT). During the authentication pro-

cedure, the credentials of drone nodes are examined to remove

malicious nodes from the system. In IoDT, drones are responsible

for gathering data and transmitting it to cluster heads (CHs) for

further processing. The CH collects and organizes data. Due to com-

putational load, their energy levels rapidly deplete. To overcome

this problem, we present a low-energy adaptive clustering hierar-

chy (R2D) protocol based on distance, degree, and residual energy.

R2D is used to replace CHs with normal nodes based on the biggest

residual energy, the degree, and the shortest distance from BS. The

cost of keeping a big volume of data on the blockchain is high. We

employ the Interplanetary File System (IPFS), to address this issue.

Moreover, IPFS protects user data using the industry-standard en-

cryption technique AES-128. This standard compares well to other

current encryption methods. Using a consensus mechanism based

on proof of work requires a high amount of computing resources

for transaction verication. The suggested approach leverages a

consensus mechanism known as proof of authority (PoA) to ad-

dress this problem . The results of the simulations indicate that

the suggested system model functions eectively and eciently. A

formal security analysis is conducted to assess the smart contract’s

resistance to attacks.

CCS CONCEPTS

•Security and privacy →Authentication;

KEYWORDS

IoDT, Access Control, security, consensus, Cluster Head

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DroneCom ’22, October 17, 2022, Sydney, NSW, Australia

ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-9514-4/22/10. . . $15.00

https://doi.org/10.1145/3555661.3560874

ACM Reference Format:

Junaid Akram, Awais Akram, Rutvij H. Jhaveri, Mamoun Alazab, and Haoran

Chi. 2022. BC-IoDT: Blockchain-based Framework for Authentication in

Internet of Drone Things. In ACM MobiCom Workshop on Drone Assisted

Wireless Communications for 5G and Beyond (DroneCom ’22), October 17,

2022, Sydney, NSW, Australia. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 6 pages. https:

//doi.org/10.1145/3555661.3560874

1 INTRODUCTION

The Internet of drone things (IoDT) refers to the infrastructure

currently being developed to allow anyone to control and access

drones over the internet [

]. In reality, drones are becoming more

common consumer commodities, enabling any user to do a range

of tasks in regulated airspace. Despite the fact that technology has

enabled mass manufacture of onboard UAV components like CPUs,

sensors, storage, and battery life, the performance constraints of

these components have decreased expectations[

]. With IoDT,

drones and cloud mobility capabilities may be paired, allowing for

remote access and operation, scalability in ooading, and cloud

storage of data acquired from a great distance.

Because IoDT can gather environmental data, several companies,

such as those dealing with energy trading, surveillance, smart grids,

etc, may prot from it [

]. It connects to the Internet and

automates the monitoring infrastructure without assistance from

a third party. The drones of the IoDT network are responsible for

environmental monitoring. However, drones in IoDT encounter

obstacles such as non-repudiation, restricted resources, and the exis-

tence of malicious nodes. Numerous solutions [

] are presented

as potential solutions to the aforementioned problems. However,

diculties like single point of failure (SPOF) and performance bot-

tlenecks develop owing to the centralized structure of these studies.

Using blockchain technology, researchers have developed a va-

riety of solutions to remove the need for intermediaries in IoDT,

hence eliminating the aforementioned diculties. Blockchain tech-

nology is a secure, distributed ledger that avoids, among other pos-

sible problems, centralized authority and third-party participation.

Additionally, blockchain’s usage of a distributed and immutable

ledger helps alleviate trust diculties between organizations that

were previously unknown. As a critical component of the network

architecture, miners validate the legitimacy of all transactions con-

ducted by nodes. Miners use several consensus methods, including

proof of work (PoW), proof of authority (PoA), proof of stake, to

arXiv:2210.11745v1 [cs.CR] 21 Oct 2022

DroneCom ’22, October 17, 2022, Sydney, NSW, Australia Akram et al.

validate the authenticity of these transactions. Proof of work (PoW)

and proof of authority (PoA) are two examples. In the PoW method,

each network node contributes to the solution of the mathemati-

cal problem. The rst node to answer the challenge is responsible

for transaction verication. First, the transactions are validated

for correctness before being added to the blockchain. Moreover,

blockchain makes use of smart contracts, the purpose of which is to

nalize all rules and conditions. In addition, it removes the need for

an intermediary. In addition, blockchain ensures network security

by evaluating the trust between nodes, and by detecting malicious

nodes using the Merkle tree [5].

Multiple blockchain-based solutions for scalability concerns,

high costs, and single points of failure have been suggested [

However, blockchain is a highly expensive storage method, and

all of these networks store their data there. Currently, it costs

$14,151.68 to store one megabyte of data on a blockchain network.

In addition, a proof-of-work consensus mechanism is used in [

which is inappropriate in a low-resource context.

In the context of IoDT networks, routing refers to the process

by which individual nodes establish connections with one another

and transfer data from its source to its eventual destination. Dier-

ent nodes within the IoDT, including drones, cluster heads (CH),

and base stations (BSs), supervise the transfer of data . It is the

responsibility of the CHs to do any required data processing before

transmitting it to the BSs [

]. However, there are no

authenticated network nodes. Since any node may get network

access, any harmful action is conceivable. Moreover, data storage

on a blockchain is costly since no cost-eective storage strategy

is presented in [

]. Since blockchains are intended to record trans-

actions in perpetuity, the problem of inadequate capacity to store

these data quickly becomes apparent. In an IoDT conguration,

an excessive energy drain on CHs may also aect network per-

formance. In [

], no new CH selection processes are suggested. In

order to add new blocks to the blockchain and validate transactions,

PoW needs miners to solve this problem. This mining procedure

is time-consuming due to the intricacy of the underlying problem,

which increases the network’s computational expenses over time.

The main contributions of this work are as follows:

•

IPFS is used for IoDT’s distributed storage requirements. A

payment scheme is recommended as an incentive for archival

use of IPFS.

•

To exclude untrustworthy nodes, each node’s identication

is veried. The suggested LEACH technique, named "R2D",

identies and selects CHs from drones using the least dis-

tance, highest degree, and maximum residual energy.

•

Blockchain technology is used for secure service provision-

ing systems, with the suggestion that an advanced symmet-

ric encryption technique with a 128-bit key be employed to

protect sensitive data.

•

For the purpose of determining the validity of the smart

contract, a formal security analysis is undertaken.

The paper moves on to the subsequent sections. In Section 2,

the proposed system model is provided. Section 3 presents the

simulation outcomes and system model validation. In Section 4, the

formal security analysis is addressed. The sixth section provides an

overview of the accomplished activities.

2 SYSTEM MODEL

Figure 1 depicts the system model, which will be analyzed and

reviewed below. IoDT, end-users, the Interplanetary File System

(IPFS), and a blockchain are system components. The ultimate shift

of drones’ backends to IoDT will be enabled by technologies such

as the Internet of Things, intelligent computer vision, cloud com-

puting, enhanced wireless connectivity, big data, and cutting-edge

security. A growing variety of industries are embracing the use of

drones, including agriculture and industry, government and com-

mercial organizations, and the monitoring of smart cities and rural

areas. Each user must register for the blockchain network and

undergo the authentication process to guarantee the network’s

security. This objective is motivated by the usage of registration

and authentication procedures [

]. IPFS is a distributed system

that utilizes data and information chunks for storage and retrieval.

Any time information is saved on IPFS, a hash is generated. The

32-bit hash is a result of the IPFS technique for storing data. The

blockchain is then updated with this hash.

2.1 Initialization

A smart contract is a computerized contract whose conditions

may be carried out with little or no requirement for a third party.

Blockchain technology makes this capability possible. It is de-

ployed on the transaction-controlling BSs of the network. Utiliz-

ing blockchain technology, sensor node credentials are kept in a

blockchain for subsequent authentication, as part of the process of

enrolling nodes in the network. The credentials are sent using a

message like the equation shown below.

𝑀𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒 =𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 (𝐼𝐷𝑁, 𝑀𝐴𝐶𝑁, 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑁)(1)

Drone Node ID (

𝐼𝐷𝑁

), MAC addresses (

𝑀𝐴𝐶𝑁

), and reputations

(

𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑁

) are utilized as part of the registration and authentication

procedure for nodes.

𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑁

is a measure of a node’s network stand-

ing that takes into account the node’s past behaviors and its con-

nections to other nodes and the rest of the system. If the node’s

reporting is not honest, its reputation will decrease, but if it is, it

will grow. The credentials are recorded in an asymmetrical manner

on a blockchain-based distributed ledger. Their addresses are also

recorded on the blockchain, which provides an additional degree of

security against fraudulent system usage. Throughout the authenti-

cation procedure, the credentials are compared to the information

already on blockchain. When credentials do not match previously

saved data, the node in question is marked as malicious.

2.2 Cluster Head Selection

Drone nodes, cluster heads, and base stations make up the IoDT’s

infrastructure. The drone nodes transmit data to the CHs, where

computations are done. CHs must rst gather drone node data

before relaying it to base stations (BSs). When BS wants to store

data, it makes a request to IPFS, which responds with a hash of the

data. During data processing and storage, the available energy of

CHs is quickly depleted. Our suggested solution to this problem

is based on a technique known as R2D, which chooses CHs from

regular nodes. CHs is determined by three factors: available spare

energy, proximity to BSs, and maximum node degree. If there is

a single node that meets all of the given requirements, it will be

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BC-IoDT:Blockchain-basedFrameworkforAuthenticationinInternetofDroneThingsJunaidAkramTheUniversityofSydneySydney,Australiajakr7229@sydney.edu.auAwaisAkramCOMSATSUniversityIslamabadVehari,Pakistanawaisakram1212@gmail.comRutvijH.JhaveriPanditDeendayalEnergyUniversityGujarat,Indiarutvij.jhaveri@sot.pdpu...

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BC-IoDT Blockchain-based Framework for Authentication in Internet of Drone Things

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