Nonlinear multi -frequency phonon lasers with active levitated optomechanics Tengfang Kuang15 Ran Huang25 Wei Xiong1 Yunlan Zuo2 Xiang Han1

2025-04-26 0 0 1.15MB 12 页 10玖币

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Nonlinear multi-frequency phonon lasers

with active levitated optomechanics

Tengfang Kuang1,5, Ran Huang2,5, Wei Xiong1, Yunlan Zuo2, Xiang Han1,

Franco Nori3, Cheng-Wei Qiu4,*, Hui Luo1,*, Hui Jing2,*, Guangzong, Xiao1,*

1 College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, NUDT, Changsha Hunan,

410073, China

2 Department of Physics and Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum

Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China

3 Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering

Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

4 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of

Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore

5 These authors contribute equally to this work

*email: chengwei.qiu@nus.edu.sg; luohui.luo@163.com; jinghui73@foxmail.com;

xiaoguangzong@nudt.edu.cn.

Phonon lasers, exploiting coherent amplifications of phonons, have been

a cornerstone for exploring nonlinear phononics, imaging nanomaterial

structures, and operating phononic devices. Very recently, by levitating a

nanosphere in an optical tweezer, a single-mode phonon laser governed

by dispersive optomechanical coupling has been demonstrated, assisted

by alternating mechanical nonlinear cooling and linear heating. Such

levitated optomechanical (LOM) devices, with minimal noises in high

vacuum, can allow flexible control of large-mass objects without any

internal discrete energy levels. However, untill now, it is still elusive to

realize phonon lasing with levitated microscale objects, due to much

stronger optical scattering losses. Here, by employing a Yb3+-doped

active system, we report the first experiment on nonlinear multi-

frequency phonon lasers with a micro-size sphere governed instead by

dissipative LOM coupling. In this work, active gain plays a key role since

not only 3-order enhancement can be achieved for the amplitude of the

fundamental-mode phonon lasing, compared with the passive device, but

also nonlinear mechanical harmonics can emerge spontaneously above

the lasing threshold. Furthermore, for the first time, coherent correlations

of phonons are observed for both the fundamental mode and its

harmonics. Our work drives the field of LOM technology into a new regime

where it becomes promising to engineer collective motional properties of

typical micro-size objects, such as atmospheric particulates and living

cells, for a wide range of applications in e.g., acoustic sensing, gravimetry,

and inertial navigation.

Conventional optomechanical systems rely on fixed frames to support mechanical

elements, leading to unavoidable energy dissipation and thermal loading1. LOM system,

i.e., controlling motions of levitated objects with optical forces2, have provided unique

advantages3, such as fundamental minima of damping and noises, the possibility for

levitating complex objects, as well as high degree of control over both conservative

dynamics and coupling to the environment. These advantages are of significance for

both fundamental studies of non-equilibrium physics and applications in metrology4-11.

In recent years, remarkable achievements have been witnessed in LOM systems12-14,

such as the realizations of motional ground-state cooling15,16, room-temperature strong

coupling 17, or ultrahigh-precision torque sensing18, to name only a few. In a very recent

work19, a phonon laser or coherent amplification of phonons, the quanta of vibrations,

was demonstrated for a levitated nanosphere, based on dispersive LOM coupling, in

which the optical resonance frequency is modulated by mechanical motion. This work

offers exciting opportunities of exploring the boundary of classical and quantum worlds

with levitated macroscopic object16,20,21, as well as making various levitated sensors22,23.

Nevertheless, sophisticated feedback controls based on electronic loops19 are needed to

provide both nonlinear cooling and linear heating, and only a single-mode phonon laser

was observed, without any evidence of nonlinear mechanical harmonics.

Besides LOM systems, phonon lasers have also been built by using semiconductor

superlattices24, nanomagnets25, ions26, and nanomechanical27 or electromechanical28

devices. These coherent sound sources, with shorter wavelength of operation than that

of a photon laser of the same frequency, are indispensable in steering phonon chips30,

improving the resolution of motional sensors31, and exploring new effects of phonons32-

34. However, as far as we know, the ability of achieving multi-frequency phonon lasers

with micro-size levitated objects, has not been reported. This ability can be the first step

for many important applications such as multi-frequency motional sensors, exceptional

point optomechanics32,33, and topological sound-wave control35.

In this Letter, we develop a strategy to achieve nonlinear phonon lasers for a levitated

object at microscales by utilizing an active LOM system. We show that in such a system,

dissipative LOM coupling36-39 can be significantly enhanced by introducing an optical

gain, thus leading to not only efficient output of fundamental-mode phonon lasing, but

also spontaneous emergence of mechanical harmonics. The active gain plays a key role

in our work since for passive systems, only thermal phonons exist, and no phonon lasing

can appear. To steer this system from a chaotic regime into a phonon lasing regime, an

optical gain is used to increase the photon lifetime and thus enhance the LOM coupling;

as a result, three-order enhancement in the power spectrum of the fundamental-mode

phonons is achieved, with 40-fold narrowing in its linewidth. More importantly, above

the lasing threshold, we observe nonlinear harmonics with double and triple mechanical

frequencies, as clear evidence of gain-enhanced nonlinearity in an active LOM system.

We stress that our work is the first experiment on phonon lasing with a micro-object

which is 3 to 4 orders larger in size or mass than a nano-sphere19. This ability, never

achieved in previous works24-28, is an important step towards applications based on

coherent motional control of a wide range of typical micro-size objects. Also, our work

is the first demonstration of mechanical harmonics accompanying phonon lasing, with

evidence of threshold features and high-order correlations. The key role of active gain

in enhancing nonlinear LOM effects, as far as we know, is also the first example

reported untill now, opening up the door to engineer and utilize more nonlinear

phononic effects in LOM systems, and to achieve exciting goals well beyond the reach

of passive systems, e.g., parity-time-symmetric or gain-enhanced LOM sensing. Finally,

our work is the first example showing dissipative optomechanical coupling in LOM

architectures, and compared to dispersive ones, dissipative LOM systems are expected

to have unique advantages in acoustic metrology40.

Our experimental platform includes an active optical cavity and a dual-beam optical

tweezer for trapping a single microsphere (Fig. 1a). The active cavity works for all three

translational degrees of freedom, well tuneable along both the longitudinal and vertical

directions. Its quality factor is 106 but can be enhanced to 109 by applying a Yb3+-doped

gain fibre. The photon lifetime is thus increased to more than



, enhancing coherent

vibrational amplification of the sphere. Technically, the optical gain is achieved simply

by using a Yb-doped fibre with a pumping laser at 976 nm, and no other limitation

exists. Compared to the cavity-free work19, there is no need to design and carefully

control both nonlinear cooling and linear heating of the mechanical motion with

complicated electronic loops or algorithms19 (see Supplementary Section 1 for details).

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Nonlinearmulti-frequencyphononlaserswithactivelevitatedoptomechanicsTengfangKuang1,5,RanHuang2,5,WeiXiong1,YunlanZuo2,XiangHan1,FrancoNori3,Cheng-WeiQiu4,*,HuiLuo1,*,HuiJing2,*,Guangzong,Xiao1,*1CollegeofAdvancedInterdisciplinaryStudies,NUDT,ChangshaHunan,410073,China2DepartmentofPhysicsandSynergeti...

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Nonlinear multi -frequency phonon lasers with active levitated optomechanics Tengfang Kuang15 Ran Huang25 Wei Xiong1 Yunlan Zuo2 Xiang Han1

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