North American Species of Cactus(北美仙人掌)

VIP免费

2024-12-26 0 0 208.12KB 55 页 5.9玖币

侵权投诉

North American Species of Cactus

North American Species

of Cactus

by John M. Coulter.

North American Species of Cactus

U.S. Department of AgricultureDivision of Botany

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE U. S. NATIONAL HERBARIUM Vol.

III--No. 2 Issued June 10, 1894 Preliminary Revision of the North

American Species of Cactus, Anhalonium, and Lophophora.byJohn M.

Coulter. Published by Authority of the Secretary of Agriculture

WashingtonGovernment Printing Office1894 LETTER OF

TRANSMITTAL U. S. Department of AgricultureDivision of

BotanyWashington, D. C., March 21, 1894 SIR:I have the honor to

transmit herewith, for publication as Vol. III, No. 2, of Contributions from

the U. S. National Herbarium, a Preliminary Revision of the North

American species of Cactus, Anhalonium, and Lophophora, by President

John M. Coulter. Respectfully,Frederick V. Coville,Chief of the Division

of Botany. Hon. J. Sterling Morton,Secretary of Agriculture.

PRELIMINARY REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN

SPECIES OF CACTUS, ANHALONIUM, AND LOPHOPHORA.

Prefatory Note. In the fall of 1890 Dr. George Vasey, then Botanist of the

Department of Agriculture, arranged with me to prepare a revision of

North American Cactaceae.Owing to the peculiar difficulty of preserving

material the family was poorly represented, even in our leading

herbaria.To secure a large amount of additional material in the way of

specimens and field notes the Department authorized me to visit the region

of the Mexican boundary during the summer of 1891.Preliminary to this

exploration it was necessary to examine the Engelmann collection of

Cactaceae, in the possession of the Missouri Botanical Garden.This

collection, supplemented by the continual additions made at the garden, is

by far the largest collection of skeletons and living specimens in this

country, and also contains the large majority of our types.

In March, 1891, I visited this collection and made such notes as

seemed necessary for use in the field, and in June, accompanied by Mr. W.

H. Evans and Mr. G. C. Nealley, I began field work in the neighborhood of

El Paso, Tex.After ten days of exploration it was necessary for me to leave

the field work in charge of Mr. Evans, who, with Mr. Nealley, continued

North American Species of Cactus

work westward, during July and a part of August, to southern California,

along the Southern Pacific Railway.As a result a large number of complete

plant bodies was secured, but very few of them were in flower and the

field notes indicated little besides collection stations.During the following

fall and winter preliminary determinations of this material were made by

Mr. Evans. In the fall of 1892 critical study of this and other collections

was begun in connection with my assistants, Dr. Elmon M. Fisher and Mr.

Edwin B. Uline, who have ever since rendered constant and most import

assistance in the examination of material and bibliography, which alone

has made the work possible in the midst of other pressing duties.

In the spring of 1893 these two gentlemen spent several weeks at the

Missouri Botanical Garden in the critical study of its rich material, and

during the latter part of their stay I assisted in the work.Dr. William

Trelease, the director of the garden, had hastened the arrangement of the

Engelmann material, and had mounted in convenient form the large mass

of notes left by Dr. Engelmann.These notes contained not only critical

remarks upon known species, but also the diagnoses of many unpublished

species which had come into his hands, notably those collected by Mr.

William Gabb in 1867 in Lower California.The collections that have thus

far been studied are:

(1) Those of the Missouri Botanical Garden; and thanks are especially

due to Dr. Trelease for his generous cooperation in the use of this material,

without which the work would have been impossible.

(2) Those of the Department of Agriculture, including the results of

several recent explorations, for the use of which I am indebted to Mr.

Frederick V. Coville.

(3) Those of the Gray Herbarium at Harvard University, which Dr. B.

L. Robinson kindly placed at my disposal.

(4) Those of the California Academy of Sciences, notably rich in forms

from Lower California and the adjacent islands, kindly loaned by Mr. T. S.

Brandegee.

(5) Those of Dr. Louis Eschanzier, of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, who

send a large series of Mexican forms collected in 1891.

(6) Numerous small sets from different correspondents, who have

North American Species of Cactus

given both time and material in aiding the work.

It is needless to say that Dr. George Engelmann, the great pioneer

student of this difficult family, has opened the paths in which we must

follow, and it was exceedingly unfortunate that he was not able to

complete the final revision that he had in mind.

The difficulties which beset the critical study of this group can not be

easily exaggerated.Such scanty material as has been collected has been for

the most part very incomplete, consisting of plant bodies without flower or

fruit, flower or fruit without plant bodies, and bunches of spines without

either.The species are displayed also in the most inaccessible regions, and

their culmination is found in the still poorly known regions of Mexico.

On account of their singular forms and often brilliant flowers they

have long been extensively cultivated, especially in Europe. These

cultivated forms have formed the basis of original descriptions in almost

all of the European publications, and in very rare cases have any types

been preserved.As a result, the bibliography of Cactaceae is appalling, and

it is questionable whether satisfactory conclusions can be reached in the

case of hundreds of published names.The earlier descriptions were not

only meager, but were based upon what are now regarded very insufficient

characters, and in the absence of types it is not only unsafe, but impossible

to venture an opinion concerning their identity.In view of these facts, I

have thought it advisable to present a preliminary revision of the order,

which shall contain the results of the study of material confessedly

insufficient.With such knowledge as we possess brought together, it is

hoped that the study of this very interesting and much neglected group will

be stimulated, and that more critical exploration of our southwestern

territory and adjacent Mexico will make a more satisfactory presentation

possible.It would be useless to notice the vast number of reputed species

that are not represented by actual specimens in our possession.

In the proposed preliminary account of the family, of which the

present paper is the first part, only those genera are considered which form

a part of the flora of the United States, and those species which I have

been able to examine and to identify with reasonable certainty.All forms

credited to the United States have been studied, and the account of these

North American Species of Cactus

species may be considered fairly complete, but the far more numerous

Mexican species are but scantily represented.The Mexican boundary is so

unnatural a dividing line in the distribution of Cactaceae that it has been

disregarded, and all the species studied have been arranged in a lineal

series of uniform prominence.So far as known the subject of geographical

distribution is considered, but it will be seen how meager is our

knowledge of this subject.It is to be hoped that this preliminary

presentation will provoke exploration and study, and that species will not

only be collected, but all the facts of their distribution noted.It is more

than probable that our present notion of species in this group must be

much modified, and doubtless many forms are at present kept specifically

distinct which will prove to be but different phases of a single species.

In the matter of generic delimitation we are in still greater uncertainty,

and several generic lines at present recognized must be regarded as purely

arbitrary, a fact which must become still more evident with additional

material.The whole group is to be regarded as made up of poorly

differentiated forms and only long observation under cultivation can

determine the possibilities of specific variation under the influence of

environment, of age, of inherent tendencies.For instance, that these plants

change in form and in spine characters with increasing age and after they

have begun to flower can not be doubted, but what described forms have

thus been separated in descriptions can only be guessed at.

John M. Coulter.Lake Forest University,Lake Forest, Ill., January,

1891.

CACTUS, ANHALONIUM, AND

LOPHOPHORA.

1. CACTUS Linn. Sp. Pl. 466 (1753), restricted.

MAMILLARIA Haw. Synop. 177 (1812), not Stackh. (1809).

Usually globose to oblong plants (simple, branching or cespitose), but

North American Species of Cactus

sometimes slender-cylindrical, covered with spine-bearing tubercles:

flower-bearing areola axillary (with reference to tubercles), entirely

separate from the terminal spine-bearing areola, although sometimes

(Coryphantha) connected with it by a woolly groove along the upper face

of the tubercle: ovary naked: seeds smooth or pitted: embryo usually

straight, with short cotyledons. Originally defined by Linnaeus in his

Systema, ed. l (1735).

The Linnaean genus Cactus of 1753 included 22 species and was

coextensive with the present order.In 1812 the species were separated by

Haworth into five genera, the original generic name Cactus being

discarded.Among these species C. mamillaris seems to have stood as the

type, not only of the Linnaean genus Cactus, but also of Haworth's

Mamillaria, and as such should retain the original generic name.Besides,

Mamillaria was used as the generic name of an alga in 1809.Cactus

mamillaris L. is the West Indian Mamillaria simplex Haw.

From one point of view the two sections of the genus (Eumamillaria

and Coryphantha) deserve generic separation, for the character of

grooveless and grooved tubercles seems to hold without exception, and the

sections are separated with more certainty than are certain species of

Coryphantha and Echinocactus.If genera are simply groups of

convenience the separation should be made.

I. EUMAMILLARIA.Flowers from the axils of the older or full-grown

tubercles (hence usually appearing lateral), mostly small, and generally

from whitish to pink or red: tubercles never grooved: fruit almost always

clavate and scarlet.

A. Tubercles more or less quadrangular.

*Central spines not hooked. +More than one central spine.

1. Cactus alternatus, sp. nov.

Subglobose, 10 cm. in diameter, simple: tubercles long (15 to 20 mm.)

and spreading, with woolly axils: radial spines 3, rigid and recurved, 5 mm.

long; central spines 3, very stout and much recurved, 20 to 30 mm. long,

alternating with the radials; all ashy colored and often twisted: flower and

fruit unknown.--Type in Herb. Coulter.

The few spines, with the very short radials alternating with the very

North American Species of Cactus

long and stout centrals, furnish a striking character. Occasionally one of

the centrals is wanting.

2.Cactus acanthophlegmus (Lehm.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 260

(1891).

Mamillaria acanthophlegma Lehm. Delect. Sem. Hamb. (1833)

Subglobose with a deeply depressed vertex, or becoming cylindrical, 3

to 8.5 cm. in diameter: tubercles sharply quadrangular-conical, with

densely woolly axils: radial spines 15 to 30, white, very slender (bristly)

and radiant, sometimes coarse capillary, 4 to 7 mm. long, interwoven with

those of neighboring tubercles and so covering the whole plant; central

spines 2 to 4, robust and straight, erect or divergent, whitish or reddish,

black-tipped, 5 to 6.5 mm. long: flowers reddish, 1 to 2 cm. broad: fruit

unknown.Type unknown.

From Coahuila and San Luis Potosi to Oaxaca.Fl. May.

Specimens examined: Coahuila (Poselger of 1856; Pringle 3116 of

1890): San Luis Potosi (Eschanzier of 1891).

The central spines are quite variable in number and arrangement. In

case there are two they are vertically placed and are either erect and

parallel or widely divergent.Even three centrals may occur in the same

vertical plane; but more usually the three or four centrals are arranged

about a center and are widely divergent.The tubercles are apt to persist and

to become naked and corky with age.The axillary wool and the capillary

radials are also apt to be more or less persistent, thus giving the whole

plant a woolly appearance.

3.Cactus brandegei, sp. nov.

Cylindrical: tubercles sharply quadrangular-conical, 6 to 8 mm. long,

with densely woolly axils: radial spines about 10, slender and rigid,

whitish with dusky tips, spreading but not radiant, 7 to 10 mm. long;

central spines 3 or 4, stouter and slightly longer, erect-spreading

(sometimes slightly curved), reddish-brown below, becoming blackish

above: flowers small (scarcely longer than the tubercle?): fruit

unknown.Type in Herb. Calif. Acad.

San Jorge, Lower California.Fl. April.

Specimens examined: Lower California (Brandegee of 1889, at San

North American Species of Cactus

Jorge).

The species has somewhat the spine characters of C. palmeri, but the

sharply quadrangular and longer tubercles with axillary wool free from

bristles suggest a very different affinity.

4.Cactus densispinus, sp. nov.

Globose, 7.5 cm. in diameter, simple: tubercles short, with woolly

axils: radial spines about 25, erect-spreading, slender but rigid, yellow

(brownish to black with age), unequal, 8 to 10 mm. long; central spines 6,

a little longer (10 to 12 mm.) and straight, more rigid and darker, black-

tipped: seeds obovate, reddish-brown, 1 mm. long.Type in Herb. Coulter.

Very easily distinguished by its dense, erect spines, which so

completely cover the plant as to give it the appearance of a large chestnut

bur.Another much smaller form, which seems to be a variety, has stouter

and longer ashy-white spines, the centrals darker-tipped, and the lower

centrals slightly curved.

++ One short central spine (rarely two or none): ovaries immersed:

seeds small, yellow and rugulose: simple.

5.Cactus heyderi (Muhlenpf.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 260 (1891).

Mamillaria heyderiMuhlenpf. Allg. Gart. Zeit. xvi. 20(1848).

Mamillaria declivisDietr. Allg. Gart. Zeit. xviii. 235 (1850). Mamillaria

applanataEngelm. Pl. Lindh 198 (1850).Mamillaria texensisLabouret,

Monogr. Cact. 89 (1858).

Depressed, globose, usually with depressed vertex, 8 to 12 cm. broad,

2.5 to 5 cm. high: tubercles elongated: radial spines 10 to 22, whitish, 5 to

12 mm. long, the lower usually the longer, stouter, and often darker;

central spine 4 to 8 mm. long, light yellowish-brown, stout, straight, and

porrect: flowers 2 to 2.5 cm. long, reddish-white: fruit incurved, 1.5 to 3

cm. long. (Ill. Cact. Mex. Bound. t. 9. figs. 4-14).Type unknown.

From the Guadalupe River, Texas, to the mouth of the Rio Grande, and

westward to Arizona and Sonora.Fl. April, May.

Specimens examined: Texas (Lindheimer of 1845, 1847, 1853; Wright

226, also collections of 1849, 1852, 1853, 1855, 1856; Bigelow of 1853;

Trelease of 1892; Nealley of 1892): New Mexico (Wright 311; Bigelow of

1853, Evans of 1891): Arizona (Pringle of 1881): also growing in Mo. Bot.

North American Species of Cactus

Gard. 1893; and in the World's Fair collection of Mrs. Nickels.

The radial spines are somewhat variable in relative length, often

becoming almost equal, while sometimes the upper radials are very much

reduced.The figure referred to in Cact. Mex. Bound. is not satisfactory as

to the general habit of the plant, which is flat-topped rather than

hemispherical.

6.Cactus heyderi hemisphaericus (Engelm.).

Mamillaria hemisphaericaEngelm. Pl. Lindh. 198 (1850).

Differs in being hemispherical instead of flat-topped, in its fewer (9 to

12) and shorter (4 to 8 mm.) radial spines, and much smaller less rough

and lighter-colored seeds.(Ill. Cact. Mex. Bound. t. 9. figs. 15-17)Type, the

"Goebel's Garden" plants in Herb. Mo. Bot. Gard.

Throughout southern Texas and southern New Mexico, and southward;

not extending so far north or west as the species, and apparently not so

abundant within the United States.Fl. May.

Specimens examined: Texas(Schott 322, 614): New Mexico (Evans of

1891): also specimens cultivated in the Goebel Garden, St. Louis, in 1847,

brought from "below Matamoras on the Rio Grande" by the St. Louis

Volunteers, in 1816.

On account of its convex top the variety becomes somewhat higher

than the species (5 to 7.5 cm.), and the flowers are sometimes slightly

longer (2 to 3 cm.).

7.Cactus meiacanthus (Engelm.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 260 (1891).

Mamillaria meiacanthaEngelm. Syn. Cact. 263 (1856)

Hemispherical or with depressed vertex, 7.5 to 12.5 cm. in diameter,

with a broad top-shaped base: tubercles compressed, 14 to 18 mm. long:

radial spines 5 to 9 (usually about 6), stout and strongly subulate, 6 to 10

mm. long, straight or somewhat curved, whitish or yellowish, the lower

mostly a little longer, the upper one sometimes wanting; central spine

shorter and stout, darker, straight, and porrect, turned upwards among the

radials, or rarely wanting: flowers 2.5 to 3 cm. long, reddish-white: fruit

incurved, 2 to 3 cm. long.(Ill. Cact. Mex. Bound. t. 9, figs.1-3).Type

specimens are those of the collections of 1847, 1851, 1852, and 1853,

from which the original description was drawn and all of which are in

North American Species of Cactus

Herb. Mo. Bot. Gard.

From the Guadalupe River, Texas, to the "Great Bend" of the Rio

Grande, westward through western Texas and New Mexico; also northern

Mexico (Hemsley); Fl.May, June.

Specimens examined: Texas (Wright of 1851, 1852; Bigelow of 1853):

New Mexico ("Missouri Volunteers" of 1847; unknown collector in 1880);

also specimens cultivated in St. Louis in 1853, and others growing in Mo.

Bot. Gard. 1893.

Dr. Engelmann regarded this species as possibly only a variety of C.

heyderi, to which it is certainly very closely allied through var.

hemisphaerica, but the different tubercles and fewer stouter spines serve

so well to distinguish it that it seems best to retain its specific rank.

In reference to the citation of the original description an explanation

seems necessary, which will apply to numerous similar cases.The Pacif. R.

Rep. iv. 27 (1856), Syn. Cact. 263 (1858), and Cact. Mex. Bound. 9 (1859),

have each been cited as the original publication.The confusion has arisen

from the fact that in both the publications of 1856 the description in the

Rep. Mex. Bound. is referred to, and in that report the plant is fully

described as "sp. nov."However, the publication of the Boundary Report

was long delayed on account of the preparation of the plates, and in the

meantime both the publications of 1856 had appeared, in each one of

which the species is distinctly characterized and reference made to the

description in the forthcoming Boundary Report. As between the two

publications of 1856 the Syn. Cact. (Proc. Amer. Acad.iii. 259) was

evidently distributed first.

8.Cactus gummiferus (Engelm.) Kuntze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 260 (1891).

Mamillaria gummiferaEngelm. Wisliz. Rep. 21 (1848).

Hemispherical, 7.5 to 12.5 cm. broad and 6 to 10 cm. high: tubercles

12 to 15 mm. long: radial spines 10 to 12, the lower stout, with dusky apex,

12 to 15 mm. long, twice or thrice as long as the whitish setaceous upper

ones; central spine (sometimes two) shorter (about 4 mm.), stout, dusky

and porrect: flowers 3 cm. long, reddish-white, brownish-red outside: fruit

unknown. (Ill. Cact. Mex. Bound. t. 9. figs. 18-20)Type probably lost, as

no specimens could be found in the Engelmann Herbarium.

文档加载中……请稍候！
如果长时间未打开，您也可以点击刷新试试。

下载文档到电脑，查找使用更方便

5.9 玖币 0人已下载

立即下载 VIP免费下载

摘要：

NorthAmericanSpeciesofCactus1NorthAmericanSpeciesofCactusbyJohnM.Coulter.NorthAmericanSpeciesofCactus2U.S.DepartmentofAgricultureDivisionofBotanyCONTRIBUTIONSFROMTHEU.S.NATIONALHERBARIUMVol.III--No.2IssuedJune10,1894PreliminaryRevisionoftheNorthAmericanSpeciesofCactus,Anhalonium,andLophophora.byJohn...

展开>> 收起<<

North American Species of Cactus(北美仙人掌).pdf

共55页,预览11页

还剩页未读，继续阅读

声明：本站为文档C2C交易模式，即用户上传的文档直接被用户下载，本站只是中间服务平台，本站所有文档下载所得的收益归上传人(含作者)所有。玖贝云文库仅提供信息存储空间，仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理，对上载内容本身不做任何修改或编辑。若文档所含内容侵犯了您的版权或隐私，请立即通知玖贝云文库，我们立即给予删除！

North American Species of Cactus(北美仙人掌)

相关推荐

开通VIP享超值会员特权

作者详情

相关内容

热门标签

举报选择: