The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet(Hitchhikers 因特网指南)

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Operating the Internet

Each network, be it the ARPAnet, NSFnet or a regional network, has

its own operations center. The ARPAnet is run by BBN, Inc. under

contract from DARPA. Their facility is called the Network Operations

Center or NOC. Cornell University temporarily operates NSFnet

(called the Network Information Service Center, NISC). It goes on to

the

regionals having similar facilities to monitor and keep watch over

the goings on of their portion of the Internet. In addition, they all should

have some knowledge of what is happening to the Internet in total. If a

problem comes up, it is suggested that a campus network liaison should

contact the network operator to which he is directly connected. That is,

if you are connected to a regional network (which is gatewayed to the

NSFnet, which is connected to the ARPAnet...) and have a problem,

you should contact your regional network operations center.

Operating the Internet

RFCs

The internal workings of the Internet are defined by a set of

documents called RFCs (Request for Comments). The general process

for creating an RFC is for someone wanting something formalized to

write a document describing the issue and mailing it to Jon Postel

(postel@isi.edu). He acts as a referee for the proposal. It is then

commented upon by all those wishing to take part in the discussion

(electronically of course). It may go through multiple revisions.

Should it be generally accepted as a good idea, it will be assigned a

number and filed with the RFCs.

The RFCs can be divided into five groups: required, suggested,

directional, informational and obsolete. Required RFC's (e.g. RFC-791,

The Internet Protocol) must be implemented on any host connected to

the Internet. Suggested RFCs are generally implemented by network

hosts. Lack of them does not preclude access to the Internet, but may

impact its usability. RFC-793 (Transmission Control Protocol) is a

suggested RFC. Directional RFCs were discussed and agreed to, but

their application has never come into wide use. This may be due to the

lack of wide need for the specific application (RFC-937 The Post Office

Protocol) or that, although technically superior, ran against other

pervasive approaches (RFC-891 Hello). It is suggested that should the

facility be required by a particular site, animplementation be done in

accordance with the RFC. This insures that, should the idea be one

whose time has come, the implementation will be in accordance with

some standard and will be generally usable. Informational RFCs contain

factual information about the Internet and its operation (RFC-990,

Assigned Numbers). Finally, as the Internet and technology have grown,

some RFCs have become unnecessary. These obsolete RFCs cannot

be ignored, however. Frequently when a change is made to some RFC

that causes a new one to be issued obsoleting others, the new RFC only

Operating the Internet

contains explanations and motivations for the change. Understanding

the model on which the whole facility is based may involve reading the

original and subsequent RFCs on the topic.

-3-

(Appendix B contains a list of what are considered to be the major

RFCs necessary for understanding the Internet).

Operating the Internet

The Network Information Center

The NIC is a facility available to all Internet users which provides

information to the community. There are three means of NIC contact:

network, telephone, and mail. The network accesses are the most

prevalent. Interactive access is frequently used to do queries of NIC

service overviews, look up user and host names, and scan lists of NIC

documents. It is available by using

Operating the Internet

%telnet sri-nic.arpa

on a BSD system and following the directions provided by a user

friendly prompter. From poking around in the databases provided one

might decide that a document named NETINFO:NUG.DOC (The Users

Guide to the ARPAnet) would be worth having. It could be retrieved

via an anonymous FTP. An anonymous FTP would proceed something

like the following. (The dialogue may vary slightly depending on the

implementation of FTP you are using).

%ftp sri-nic.arpa Connected to sri-nic.arpa. 220 SRI_NIC.ARPA FTP

Server Process 5Z(47)-6 at Wed 17-Jun-87 12:00 PDT Name (sri-

nic.arpa:myname): anonymous 331 ANONYMOUS user ok, send real

ident as password. Password: myname 230 User ANONYMOUS logged in

at Wed 17-Jun-87 12:01 PDT, job 15. ftp> get netinfo:nug.doc 200 Port

18.144 at host 128.174.5.50 accepted. 150 ASCII retrieve of

<NETINFO>NUG.DOC.11 started. 226 Transfer Completed 157675 (8)

bytes transferred local: netinfo:nug.doc remote:netinfo:nug.doc 157675

bytes in 4.5e+02 seconds (0.34 Kbytes/s) ftp> quit 221 QUIT command

received. Goodbye.

(Another good initial document to fetch is NETINFO:WHAT-THE-

NIC-DOES.TXT)!

Questions of the NIC or problems with services can be asked of or

reported to using electronic mail. The following addresses can be used:

NIC@SRI-NIC.ARPAGeneral user assistance, document requests

REGISTRAR@SRI-NIC.ARPAUser registration and WHOIS updates

HOSTMASTER@SRI-NIC.ARPA Hostname and domain changes and

updates ACTION@SRI-NIC.ARPASRI-NIC computer operations

SUGGESTIONS@SRI-NIC.ARPA Comments on NIC publications and

services

-4-

For people without network access, or if the number of documents is

Operating the Internet

large, many of the NIC documents are available in printed form for a

small charge. One frequently ordered document for starting sites is a

compendium of major RFCs. Telephone access is used primarily for

questions or problems with network access. (See appendix B for

mail/telephone contact numbers).

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摘要：

OperatingtheInternet1OperatingtheInternetEachnetwork,beittheARPAnet,NSFnetoraregionalnetwork,hasitsownoperationscenter.TheARPAnetisrunbyBBN,Inc.undercontractfromDARPA.TheirfacilityiscalledtheNetworkOperationsCenterorNOC.CornellUniversitytemporarilyoperatesNSFnet(calledtheNetworkInformationServiceCen...

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