Essays on Middle Earth

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PARMA ENDORION:

Essays On Middle-earth

Electronic Book Edition

by Michael L. Martinez

layout and design by Matt Tinaglia

The Hunting Party I

Parma Endorion

-2-

TABLE OF CONTENTS

i. Copyright .................................................................................................................................... 4

ii. Introduction to the First Edition (1996)..................................................................................... 5

Note on accuracy..................................................................................................................................................5

Stern Warning ......................................................................................................................................................5

iii. Introduction to the Second Edition (1998) ............................................................................... 6

iv. Introduction to the Third Edition (2001) ................................................................................... 8

Chapter 1: The Geography of Arda ...............................................................................................9

The Continents Of Arda ...........................................................................................................................9

Aman (The Undying Lands) ..............................................................................................................................10

Valinor...........................................................................................................................................................10

Eldamar .........................................................................................................................................................11

Araman..........................................................................................................................................................12

Avathar..........................................................................................................................................................13

Elenna (Numenor)..............................................................................................................................................13

The Mittalmar (Inlands) ................................................................................................................................14

The Orrostar (Northeast lands)......................................................................................................................14

The Forostar (North lands)............................................................................................................................14

The Andustar (West lands)............................................................................................................................14

The Hyarnustar (Southwest lands) ................................................................................................................15

The Hyarrostar (Southeast lands) ..................................................................................................................15

Endor (The Middle Lands).................................................................................................................................15

Beleriand (Land of the Valar)........................................................................................................................15

Eriador (Land Between the Mountains) ........................................................................................................16

Rhovanion (Wilderland)................................................................................................................................17

Gondor (Land of Stone) ................................................................................................................................18

Near Harad (Near South)...............................................................................................................................18

Far Harad (Far South)....................................................................................................................................18

Mordor (Black Land) ....................................................................................................................................19

Rhun (the East)..............................................................................................................................................19

Hyarmenor (The Dark Lands)............................................................................................................................20

Romenor (The Eastern Lands) ...........................................................................................................................20

Chapter 2: A Brief History of Arda ............................................................................................. 21

The Ainur...........................................................................................................................................................21

The Quendi (Speakers, or Elves)........................................................................................................................24

The Naugrim (Dwarves) ....................................................................................................................................30

The Atani (Men).................................................................................................................................................31

Chapter 3: The Elven Peoples of Arda ........................................................................................ 32

The Avari ...........................................................................................................................................................32

The Silvan Elves ................................................................................................................................................33

The Sindar..........................................................................................................................................................34

The Noldor.........................................................................................................................................................35

The Falmari........................................................................................................................................................37

The Vanyar.........................................................................................................................................................38

Chapter 4: The Men of Arda........................................................................................................ 39

The Edainic Peoples ............................................................................................................................... 39

The Edain of Beleriand ......................................................................................................................................39

The Edain of Numenor.......................................................................................................................................41

The Edain of Eriador..........................................................................................................................................41

The Edain of Rhovanion ....................................................................................................................................42

The Gwathuirim .................................................................................................................................................44

The Dunlendings ...........................................................................................................................................44

Essays On Middle-earth

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The Men of Bree ...........................................................................................................................................45

The Men of Dunharrow.................................................................................................................................45

The Men of Gondor............................................................................................................................................46

The Swarthy Men...............................................................................................................................................46

The Folk of Bor.............................................................................................................................................47

The Folk of Ulfang........................................................................................................................................47

Lorgan's Tribe ...............................................................................................................................................47

The Forodwaith..................................................................................................................................................48

The Easterlings...................................................................................................................................................48

The First Easterlings Of The Third Age.............................................................................................................49

The Wainriders...................................................................................................................................................49

The Balchoth......................................................................................................................................................50

Later Easterlings ................................................................................................................................................50

The Haradrim.....................................................................................................................................................51

Chapter 5: Orcs and Other Foul Things....................................................................................... 52

Orcs....................................................................................................................................................................52

What did Orcs look like?....................................................................................................................................52

Chapter 6: A Little Bit Of Hobbit Lore ....................................................................................... 60

Where did Hobbits come from? .........................................................................................................................60

What happened To Smeagol's people?...............................................................................................................62

How did Hobbits go to sea? ...............................................................................................................................63

Chapter 7: Things You Might Not Have Known About The Northmen ..................................... 64

The Anglo-Saxon Myth......................................................................................................................................64

Why did Tolkien use Old English to represent the language of Rohan?............................................................64

But what about "Beowulf?" Didn't Tolkien use material from the classic Anglo-Saxon poem? ......................66

Okay, but were The Rohirrim unlike the Anglo-Saxons in any Significant way? .............................................67

What About The Burial Mounds outside Edoras?..............................................................................................70

The Kingdom of Dale ........................................................................................................................................76

The Great King Bladorthin.................................................................................................................................78

Chapter 8: What Does An Elf Do In Aman? ............................................................................... 80

Chapter 9: What Does A Woodman Do All Day?....................................................................... 82

Chapter 10: Planning The Middle-earth Wedding....................................................................... 84

Rehearsals and Receptions.................................................................................................................................86

Chapter 11: The Wonders of Middle-earth.................................................................................. 87

Wonders of the First Age........................................................................................................................87

Menegroth..........................................................................................................................................................87

Gondolin ............................................................................................................................................................89

Khazad-dum.......................................................................................................................................................90

Wonders of the Second Age ................................................................................................................... 94

The Statues of Dunharrow .................................................................................................................................94

Wonders of the Third Age......................................................................................................................96

The Argonath .....................................................................................................................................................96

The Bridge of Osgiliath......................................................................................................................................99

The Twin Fortresses of Aglarond and Angrenost ............................................................................................100

Chapter 12: A Chronology For Tolkien's Four Ages................................................................. 103

Chapter 13: Sources Used For Research.................................................................................... 110

Appendix A: New Information .................................................................................................. 112

Orcs..................................................................................................................................................................112

Parma Endorion

-4-

i. Copyright

2001 by Michael L. Martinez.

The Hunting Party I

Beren Recovers a Silmaril

The Quest Fulfilled

The Host of Nargothrond

The Riders of Rohan

Balin's Tomb

Orc

Luthien prepares her escape from Hirilorn

For information about permission to reproduce selections from this work, send email to Michael

L. Martinez at Michael@xenite.org. Please indicate which passages you wish to use and for what

purpose.

Essays On Middle-earth

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ii. Introduction to the First Edition (1996)

There are several web sites that offer fairly standard information about J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle-

earth. The essays you'll find here are intended to provide some insight into the histories and

cultures of Middle-earth. Each "page" is a chapter in the "Book of the Middle Lands". The essays

are written for your reading enjoyment. They contain some speculative remarks intended to point

the reader toward some possible conclusions. It is not my aim to "finish the creation" for

Professor Tolkien.

In working on a larger project I've come across a great deal of material that I'd like to share with

people. I decided to put it up on this web site rather than try and publish it in a traditional manner

because I have little hope of seeing it published (by me, at least).

Also, I've decided to have a little fun with this material. So be sure to take it with a grain of salt.

Note on accuracy

Christopher Tolkien has now published volume XII of THE HISTORY OF MIDDLE-EARTH.

I've read it and am in the process of updating my essays based on information in that book.

Wherever possible, to preserve Gwidon's sanity, I have tried to add new material rather than

revise the old. But some of the essays are indeed changed and the Polish version of PARMA

ENDORION may not match this one for some time.

There is indeed a historical analysis of the source materials for THE HOBBIT in preparation. I'm

looking forward to reading it with high hopes.

Stern Warning

I'm not here to do your homework for you. Anyone who's looking for a quick, cheap essay on

Tolkien should keep in mind that I write in a style that won't be mistaken for a student's 500-

word theme. If you are stupid and lazy enough to cheat, you'll probably get what you deserve

when you try to hand in this stuff.

Enjoy.

Parma Endorion

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iii. Introduction to the Second Edition (1998)

Since I first created Parma Endorion: Essays On Middle-earth, the web site has received

thousands of visits from interested Tolkien fans. It has "worn out" a few hit counters along the

way and I've lost track of how many people have actually dropped in on the main page of the

original site. That really no longer matters to me, to be honest. I've received so much email from

well-wishers that I know Parma Endorion is a success, and that it serves a purpose in helping to

explain a few of the mysteries of J.R.R. Tolkien's world.

Like THE LORD OF THE RINGS, Parma Endorion has grown in the telling. It was an ongoing

project in late 1996 and early 1997, until I finished the last of the essays I had envisioned for it.

And like LOTR the work has consistently received one complaint: it is too short.

I cannot promise to add any more essays to the collection. I have other projects, some related to

Middle-earth and some not. My time is fleeting and my energies are sometimes depleted. But

with this new edition I hope to take care of the one other complaint I have often received: Parma

Endorion is too hard to read. To be honest, I intentionally made it difficult to copy, but that had

the unfortunate effect of making it nearly illegible. So I've decided to stop playing with my

readers and just present the book as a book, with simple black on white text. I hope this decision

meets with general approval.

Many people have written to me asking for permission to copy the essays. I have reluctantly

agreed to this process on numerous occasions. After all, I can hardly prevent people from doing

so, and it's quite thoughtful of those who ask me to do so. So, if you do print out these pages,

please remember that this is my work, Copyrighted, owned by me. Unlike the authors of a

printed books, I get no compensation for my labors. This project has been a labor of love.

To the many students, teachers, and librarians who have written to me, I want to thank you for

your interest in my researches. Students, please check with your instructors before using this or

any other Web site as a source for your reports and term papers. I've found that a lot of educators

are encouraging students to use the Web, but you really owe it to yourselves to make sure it's

okay. It sounds trite, but if you cheat on a term paper, you're only cheating yourself.

For those of you who have asked, time and again: no, Parma Endorion is not my last word on

Tolkien research. I hope to one day find a publisher for a very detailed book that explores the

pseudo-histories and cultures of Tolkien's Middle-earth unlike any book previously published.

The world J.R.R. Tolkien created is so rich and diverse it simply never ceases to amaze me. I

have not finished the book but work on it progresses as I wend my way through life and debate.

Admittedly if Xenite.org didn't contain so many Web sites I'd probably have finished the book

by now, but I do intend to finish the task and hope to have it done by the end of 1998.

Essays On Middle-earth

-7-

Finally, I should point out that I've added some new material and have corrected many typos.

None of the graphics from the First Edition are being carried over to this new edition. One of my

goals is to speed up the download time for each page. So the book metaphor is useful in that the

pages are all considerably shorter.

As ever, I hope you enjoy Parma Endorion. If you send me email and don't hear back, please

don't be offended. At this writing Xenite.org receives more than 1500 visitors a day and I

sometimes get a lot of email.

Parma Endorion

-8-

iv. Introduction to the Third Edition (2001)

How does one introduce a third edition? In early 1998, I revised Parma Endorion and I never

expected to do so again, but I've since found many typographical errors in the essays, and some

of the information is now outdated. I've also received many requests for new essays.

The past few years have brought me into contact with several Tolkien projects. I have written

essays under contract for Toy Vault's Middle-earth Toys. Since August 1999, I have also written

essays for Suite101.com's Tolkien and Middle-earth topic. Some of the earliest Suite101 essays

were included in VISUALIZING MIDDLE-EARTH, a book I published in October 2000. I had

intended to include some Suite101 essays in Parma Endorion, but time slipped away from me

and that is no longer possible for this edition. I hope to publish a sequel to VISUALIZING

MIDDLE-EARTH sometime in 2002. And, I don't mind saying, I've had the privilege of

performing research for several media companies. At this writing (December 2001), I am

participating in an extraordinary Tolkien research project with several other people. I don't

believe these opportunities would have opened up for me had I not written Parma Endorion.

Since I first undertook writing these essays, the world of Tolkien fandom has been turned upside

down by the Peter Jackson film adaptation of THE LORD OF THE RINGS. Another film

project, "Ancanar", has been inspired by THE SILMARILLION. And there have been numerous

Hobbit plays staged throughout the world. At the same time, I have found myself consulted by

any number of companies on Tolkien and Middle-earth. The attention directed upon J.R.R.

Tolkien and his fans over the past few years has been overwhelming. It has also been

distracting. This third edition was originally supposed to be published in 2000. It was to be

translated into several languages. Regrettably, I had to defer the whole project for over a year,

and in the process lost several of the translation teams.

Had it not been for the interest expressed in the project by Matt Tinaglia, the third edition might

still be waiting for me to get back to it. But once he set the wheels into motion, taking on

responsibility for the whole project, from editing to designing the book, I realized that this

edition required something special. And since we had decided to publish it as a downloadable

eBook, I thought, why not include some fan artwork?

Two artists, Anke Eissmann and Rich Sullivan, responded to my inquiries. I had hoped to

feature works by a few other artists whose talents I had come to appreciate, but I was unable to

locate them. So, I hope you enjoy the selections I've made, and the updated essays as well. And

a Spanish-language translation team, organized by Leandro of Elfenomeno, has worked

steadfastly on two translations of the book. I'm still hopeful of seeing the Spanish edition

completed.

Thank you for your support and interest through the years. We have corrected as many errors as

possible, and some of the information has been updated, too. May all your Tolkien reading be

enjoyable.

Essays On Middle-earth

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Chapter 1:

The Geography of Arda

The Continents Of Arda

Since Tolkien's mythology involves a change in the form and nature of the world, it's difficult to

describe Arda physically. For example, Numenor existed only during the Second Age. Even if

one arbitrarily divided Arda's geographical history into two periods (pre-Change and post-

Change), Numenor itself would force a division of geological as well as political periods. And

should one not consider the changes to Arda after the destruction of Illuin and Ormal, the two

Lamps of the Valar in Middle-earth? Yet Tolkien wrote very little about "historical" matters

prior to the destruction of the Lamps, so it seems pointless to try to document the geography of

Arda for that time period. His conception of the "primitive" Arda was quite rough and never fully

developed. In fact, had Tolkien realized his intention to rewrite the entire mythology, all the

various lands he originally envisioned might have been erased from the “record.”

I've decided there were five "continents" in Arda at various times after the destruction of the two

Lamps. In fact, Endor itself probably would be considered two continents, which we might refer

to as Forendor and Harendor. But we know very little of what Harendor was like.

Aman was the western-most continent. It was changed in shape by the Valar on at least two

occasions, and perhaps went through other changes when Arda was changed. These were the

Undying Lands, also known as the Uttermost West and the Undying West. The Valar lived here

with the Maiar and the Eldar.

Elenna was the island raised in the middle of Belegaer, the Great Sea, for the Edain of Beleriand.

It was too small to be a continent yet geographically was not part of any other region of Middle-

earth. The isle lay close to the Bay of Eldamar (in Aman) but I feel it deserves its own

description.

To the east of Endor lay two land-masses. I have named them Hyarmenor and Romenor,

although as far as I know Tolkien never used these names himself. Hyarmenor was originally

called "The Dark Lands" in a map published in THE SHAPING OF MIDDLE-EARTH (volume

IV of THE HISTORY OF MIDDLE-EARTH). Romenor was originally called "The Burnt

Lands of the Sun" or just "The Lands of the Sun". Both land-masses were visited by the

Numenoreans but apparently were never visited by either the Elves or the Dwarves. It is

conceivable, however, that Cirdan's mariners might have sailed east early in the Second Age,

preceding the Numenoreans, though Tolkien does not indicate such events ever occurred.

Parma Endorion

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Aman (The Undying Lands)

Of all the lands he described, Aman received the most attention with the least corresponding

detail. We know what kinds of lands existed there but not exactly where they were located. The

Eldar ranged through the lands, especially the western regions, and the accounts of Aman are

drawn from their traditions.

The continent proper was divided by a mountain range, the Pelori, which ran from the south to

the north in a sweeping arc which bulged toward the east. These mountains were raised by the

Valar to be a defense against Melkor, but he never attempted to assault the West.

The four major regions of Aman were Valinor, Eldamar, Araman, and Avathar. Of Avathar we

know nothing save only that for a time Ungoliant lived there, spinning webs of darkness. It may

be that after her departure and the rising of the Sun the Valar cleansed the land for the Eldar, but

Tolkien never indicated what became of the region.

Valinor

Valinor was the home of the Valar and their people, the Maiar. The Valar and Maiar were Ainur,

angelic beings who were not native to Middle-earth but who were charged with its shaping and

governance. Several of the Valar established a "country" in Valinor, but they also built a city

near the Pelori at about the middle latitude of the land. This was Valimar, where they established

a Ring of Doom, Mahanaxar. This was a circle of thrones where the Valar would sit in debate or

judgement.

Although it's difficult to place the regions of the individual Valar, Nienna's halls were said to be

"west of West, upon the borders of the world." This region would have been upon the shores of

Ekkaia, the Encircling Sea. Tolkien wrote that "the windows of her house look outward from the

walls of the world", so it may be Nienna's region was actually beyond Ekkaia, in a mountainous

land that originally was the westernmost region of the flat Arda (Arda before the Change of the

World). Mandos, the dwelling of Namo (the Doomsman of the Valar), was said to be close to

Nienna's land. He is not said to dwell outside Valinor, and he may have governed the western

regions of the land, for his halls grew constantly, making room for more and more "spirits".

Oromë the hunter dwelt in the woodlands of Valinor, but Tolkien does not precisely place them.

They were in the southern regions, ending somewhere near Hyarmentir.

Probably the dwelling of Tulkas and Nessa (Oromë's sister) was close by Oromë's forests

because she loved to run through the woods, leading deer in her wake.

The region of Lorien probably lay close to Mandos. Irmo, Lord of Lorien, was Namo's brother.

Their sister was Nienna, so Lorien may have lain in western Valinor as well. In the midst of

Lorien was a great lake, Lorellin. The shores of the lake were forested and the land was filled

with gardens and fountains.

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