A WORD FROM THE (HUMAN) AUTHOR ...
WHEN MOST PEOPLE HEAR THE WORD robot, they have a reflexive metal picture of
a mechanical man, all creaking joints and glowing eyes. This really wasn't
what Karel Capek had in mind when he invented the word for his play R.U.R.
soon after the First World War. His robots- Rossum's Universal Robots-were
flesh and blood, though artificially made, and identical with normal
placental-people in every way except for their complete lack of emotions. The
new word robot filled a need, and was gratefully seized by the science
fiction writers and soon mutated to be- come the mechanical man with the
steel skin. (Capek's flesh- and-blood robots are now called androids.) At the
same time, in applied engineering, robot has become an inclusive term for an
entire new family of gadgetry.
Just as tools and weapons-hammers, saws, swords and such -are a direct
extension of man's physical abilities, robots are an extension of the higher
and more abstract functions. The robot pilot, who flies the plane for far
longer periods than the human pilot, has delicate powers of discrimination
and choice. Even the first crude models could detect and correct deviations
from level flight before a human pilot could even sense them, while the
newer, sophisticated models turn and bank the plane at the touch of a single
button. This process of sensing and deciding is what separates the robots
from the insensate machines. An alarm clock is a machine-but an automatic
clock-radio is a robot. It may not look like one, but it has the functions.
It soothes its master to sleep with soft music, then turns off the sound
until the correct time in the morning when he should be awakened. There would
be no trick at all to enlarging its field of operation. Instead of a radio
this machine could play records: Brahms at night, Sousa in the morning. And
instead of switching off at night after a fixed interval, the music could
continue playing softly until the master was completely asleep-the robot
determining this fact by a thermocouple in the bed that would detect the
lowering of body temperature that accompanies sleep. If master wished to
arise at dawn there would be no need for him to check the almanac every night
for the correct time; a simple photoelectric cell sensitive to light would
take care of that. All of these gadgets-instead of being built into a black
box-could be housed in a metal torso, the thermo-couple in the end of one
finger, the photoelectric cells in place of eyes. Instead of internal
switching it could reach out a hand to turn on the music, even pull up the
shade if need be.
I personally feel no burning desire to have a truncated metal man
hovering over my bed at night, metal finger gently prodding my flesh and
unsleeping eyes watching for the sight of dawn. Though in essence it would
still be the same machine that now turns the music on and off for me.
Call my attitude emotional-but don't call it exceptional. We have long
tended to anthropomorphize our mechanical devices; giving our cars names,
cursing, coaxing-and occasionally kicking-recalcitrant machines. We are even
getting used to the services of robots and are beginning to take them for
granted too. What child has not been fascinated by the moron-level robot in
the refrigerator who turns the light off when we close the door? Does the
robot always turn it off? That train of thought can keep one up nights
figuring out ways to find out.
Have you ever ridden in one of those completely automatic elevators
they are beginning to install in the big office buildings? A single master
control starts and stops an entire bank of elevators, programming frequent
trips when the traffic is heavy and fewer in the slow periods. Passengers are
counted and the doors closed when the car is full. Speed and braking are
adjusted to the weight so that the doors will always open flush with the
floor outside. Some of the elevators even have a recorded voice
(appropriately firm) that orders the hoggish rider to stay clear of the doors
if he is preventing their closure. The elevator-controlling robot is built
into the wall and sends and receives all of its commands electronically. If
we wanted it to conform to the classic picture of a robot it would do the
same job-though perhaps not as efficiently-in the form of a machine man who
snapped its fingers at the metal operators of the cars. All of this would be