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Writing: Grammar, Usage, and Style

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6393-9 Cover 4/12/01 12:03 PM Page 1

CliffsQuickReview™

Writing: Grammar,

Usage, and Style

By Jean Eggenschwiler, M.A.

and Emily Dotson Biggs

An International Data Group Company

Cleveland, OH • Indianapolis, IN • New York, NY

6393-9 FM.F 4/24/01 9:30 AM Page i

CliffsQuickReview™Writing: Grammar, Usage, and Style

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About the Authors

Jean Eggenschwiler, MA is a graduate of U. C.

Berkeley and Stanford University. She has taught

English and Composition in high school and

worked as a business editor and writer.

Emily Dotson Biggs is a graduate of the Univer-

sity of North Carolina and Murray State Univer-

sity. She is currently an adjunct instructor at

Paducah Community College and Murray State

University and has taught English to students

from kindergarten to college.

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6393-9 FM.F 4/24/01 9:30 AM Page ii

Table of Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Why You Need This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

How to Use This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Visit Our Web Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Chapter 1: NOUNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Proper Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Verbs Used as Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

The gerund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

The problem gerund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Collective Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Singular and Plural Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Possessive Case of Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Problems with possessives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Switching to an of construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Joint ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Agreement of Nouns and Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Chapter 2: VERBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Action Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Linking Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Active and Passive Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Transitive verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Intransitive verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Verbals: Gerunds, Inﬁnitives, and Participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Forming Verb Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Tense, person, and number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

The six tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Using the Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Present, past, and future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Present perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Past perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Future perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Moods of the Verb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

The indicative and imperative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

The subjunctive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Problems with Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

Illogical time sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

When to use the perfect tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

Faulty if clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

Inconsistency in tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

Irregular verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

6393-9 FM.F 4/24/01 9:30 AM Page iii

Chapter 3: PRONOUNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

The Pronoun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

Personal pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Reﬂexive (intensive) pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Demonstrative pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Relative pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Interrogative pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Indeﬁnite pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Pronoun Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Subjective case of pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Compound subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Pronouns following “to be” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Objective Case of Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Pronouns as objects of verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Pronouns as objects of prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Pronoun over-reﬁnement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

Compound objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

Pronouns as subjects of inﬁnitives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

Choosing Between the Subjective and Objective Case . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Pronoun case with appositives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Who, whom, whoever, whomever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Possessive Case of Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Possessive Pronouns with Gerunds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Pronoun Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Finding the antecedent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Unclear antecedents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Indeﬁnite antecedents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

Pronoun Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Agreement problems with indeﬁnite pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Pronouns with collective nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Sexism in Pronouns: He or She? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

Chapter 4: MODIFIERS: ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS . . . . . . . . . . . .42

The Modiﬁer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

When to Use Modiﬁers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Recognizing adjectives and adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Using adjectives after linking verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

Problem adjectives and adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

Forming the Comparative and Superlative Degrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

Adjectives and Adverbs that Should Not be Compared . . . . . . . . . . .47

iv CliffsQuickReview Writing: Grammar, Usage, and Style

6393-9 FM.F 4/24/01 9:30 AM Page iv

Table of Contents v

Chapter 5: PREPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS,

AND INTERJECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

The Preposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

Recognizing prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

Confusing use of prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

Deﬁning Conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

Coordinating conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

Correlative conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

Subordinating conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

Using Interjections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

Chapter 6: PHRASES, CLAUSES, AND SENTENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55

The Phrase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55

The Prepositional Phrase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

Phrases Containing Verbals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

The participial phrase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

The gerund phrase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

The inﬁnitive phrase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

Split inﬁnitives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

Types of Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

Independent clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

Beginning sentences with coordinating conjunctions . . . . . . . . . .60

Subordinate clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

Relative clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

Noun clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

Pronoun case in subordinate clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

Adverbial clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

The Sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

Subject and predicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

Expressing a complete thought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

Sentence Types: Simple, Compound, and Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

Chapter 7: COMMON SENTENCE ERRORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

Run-On Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

Joining independent clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

Run-ons with conjunctive (sentence) adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

Acceptable run-ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

Sentence Fragments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

Recognizing fragments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70

Acceptable fragments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

6393-9 FM.F 4/24/01 9:30 AM Page v

Subject-Predicate Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

Locating the subject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

Subject-predicate agreement with a compound subject . . . . . . . . .72

Additive phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

Phrases and clauses between subject and predicate . . . . . . . . . . . .73

Subject following predicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

Subject-predicate agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Subject-predicate agreement in relative clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Placement of Modiﬁers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

Misplaced modiﬁers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

Misplaced participial phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

Dangling modiﬁers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

Parallel Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

Faulty parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

Parallel structure in a series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

Parallel structure in comparisons and

antithetical constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

Parallel structure with correlative conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

Parallel structure with verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82

Combining Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

Combining simple sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

Combining sentences using phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

Varying Word Order in Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84

Chapter 8: PERIODS, QUESTION MARKS,

AND EXCLAMATION POINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87

Uses of the Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87

Courtesy questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

Periods with quotation marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

Punctuation with abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

Use of the Question Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

Commas and periods with question marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

Question marks with quotation marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

Problems with Question Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

Indirect questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

Sarcastic and emphatic question marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

Use of the Exclamation Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

Exclamation points with quotation marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

Exclamation points with commas and periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

Problems with Exclamation Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

vi CliffsQuickReview Writing: Grammar, Usage, and Style

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Chapter 9: COMMAS, SEMICOLONS, AND COLONS . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

Uses of the Comma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

Joining independent clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94

After Introductory clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95

After introductory phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95

To set off interrupting elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96

With restrictive and nonrestrictive elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97

With appositives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

Between items in a series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99

Between modiﬁers in a series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100

Commas with quotation marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101

Miscellaneous uses of the comma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101

Problems with Commas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

Uses of the Semicolon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

Joining independent clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

Between items in a series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103

Semicolons with quotation marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

Problems with semicolons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

Uses of the Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

Introducing a quotation or formal statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105

Introducing a restatement or explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105

Colons with quotation marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

Miscellaneous uses of the colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

Problems with Colons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

Chapter 10: DASHES, PARENTHESES,

AND QUOTATION MARKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108

Uses of the Dash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108

Interrupting a sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108

Introducing a restatement or explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109

Dashes with commas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109

Dashes with quotation marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109

Problems with Dashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109

Uses of Parentheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

Setting off incidental information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

Other punctuation marks with parentheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

Punctuation within parentheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111

Miscellaneous uses of parentheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111

When to use brackets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111

Problems with Parentheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112

Table of Contents vii

6393-9 FM.F 4/24/01 9:30 AM Page vii

Uses of Quotation Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112

Direct quotations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112

Quotations within quotations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112

Miscellaneous uses of quotation marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113

A summary of the rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113

Using an ellipsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114

Problems with Quotation Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114

Chapter 11: IDIOMS, CLICHÉS, JARGON,

AND FADDISH LANGUAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

The Idiom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

Figurative idioms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117

Prepositional idioms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117

Selected list of prepositional idioms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117

The Cliché . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120

Mixing clichés . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121

Avoiding clichés . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121

Using clichés in new ways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121

Jargon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

Negative connotations of jargon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

Avoiding jargon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

Faddish Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

Slang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123

The Euphemism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123

Avoiding euphemisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124

Selected list of euphemisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124

Chapter 12: COMPOUND WORDS AND WORDINESS . . . . . . . . . . .127

Spelling of Compound Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127

Current trend in spelling compound words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128

Compound adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128

Compound adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128

Words with Preﬁxes and Sufﬁxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128

Wordy Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

Redundant expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

Selected list of redundant expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

There is, there are, it is expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130

Overused intensiﬁers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131

Selected list of wordy expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131

Active Voice vs. Passive Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132

Chapter 13: PREWRITING: HOW TO BEGIN

A WRITING ASSIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134

The Steps in Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134

Types of Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135

viii CliffsQuickReview Writing: Grammar, Usage, and Style

6393-9 FM.F 4/24/01 9:30 AM Page viii

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