Tolkien, J R R - The History of Middle-Earth - 05

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CONTENTS.

Preface page

PART ONE: THE FALL OF NUMENOR

AND THE LOST ROAD.

I THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE LEGEND 7

II THE FALL OF NUMENOR

(i) The original outline

(ii) The first version of The Fall of Numenor 13

(iii) The second version of The Fall of Numenor 23

(iv) The further development of The Fall of

Numenor 31

III THE LOST ROAD

(i) The opening chapters 36

(ii) The Numenorean chapters 57

(iii) The unwritten chapters 77

PART TWO: VALINOR AND MIDDLE-EARTH

BEFORE THE LORD OF THE RINGS

I THE TEXTS AND THEIR RELATIONS 107

II THE LATER ANNALS OF VALINOR 109

III THE LATER ANNALS OF BELERIAND 124

IV AINULINDALE 155

V THE LHAMMAS 167

VI QUENTA SILMARILLION 199

PAR T THREE

THE ETYMOLOGIES 341

APPFNDIX.

I THE GENEALOGIES 403

11 THE LIST OF NAMES 404

III THE SECOND 'SILMARILLION' MAP 407

Index 415

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At the end of 1937 J. R. R. Tolkien reluctantly set aside his now

greatly elaborated work on the myths and heroic legends of

Valinor and Middle-earth and began The Lord of the Rings.

This fifth volume of The History of Middle-earth, edited by

Christopher Tolkien, completes the presentation of the whole

compass of his writing on those themes up to that time. Later

forms of the Annals of Valinor and the Annals of Beleriand had

been composed, The Silmarillion was nearing completion in a

greatly amplified version, and a new Map had been made; the

myth of the Music of Ainur had become a separate work; and

the legend of the Downfall of Numenor had already entered in a

primitive form, introducing the cardinal ideas of the World

Made Round and the Straight Path into the vanished West.

Closely associated with this was the abandoned 'time-travel'

story The Lost Road, which was to link the world of Numenor

and Middle-earth with the legends of many other times and

people. A long essay (The Lhammas) had been written on the

ever more complex relations of the languages and dialects of

Middle-earth; and an 'etymological dictionary' had been

undertaken, in which a great number of words and names in the

Elvish languages were registered and their formation explained -

thus providing by far the most extensive account of their

vocabularies that has appeared.

Grafton.

An Imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers.

77 - 85 Fulham Palace Road,

Hammersmith, London W6 8JB.

Published by Grafton 1992

98765432

First published in Great Britain by

Unwin Hyman 1987

TM @ 1990 Frank Richard Williamson

and Christopher Reuel Tolkien,

executors of the estate of the late

John Ronald Reuel Tolkien.

ISBN 0 261 10225 7.

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Printed in Great Britain by

HarperCollinsManufacturing Glasgow.

reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,

in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,

photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior

permission of the publishers.

This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not,

by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or

otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent

in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it

is published and without similar condition including this

condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.

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PREFACE.

This fifth volume of The History of Middle-earth completes the

presentation and analysis of my father's writings on the subject of

the First Age up to the time at the end of 1937 and the beginning of

1938 when he set them for long aside. The book provides all the

evidence known to me for the understanding of his conceptions in

many essential matters at the time when The Lord of the Rings was

begun; and from the Annals of Valinor, the Annals of Beleriand,

the Ainulindale, and the Quenta Silmarillion given here it can

be quite closely determined which elements in the published

Silmarillion go back to that time, and which entered afterwards.

To make this a satisfactory work of reference for these purposes I

have thought it essential to give the texts of the later 193Os in their

entirety, even though in parts of the Annals the development from

the antecedent versions was no'. great; for the curious relations

between the Annals and the Quenta Silmarillion are a primary

feature of the history and here already appear, and it is clearly

better to have all the related texts within the same covers. Only in

the case of the prose form of the tale of Beren and Luthien have I

not done so, since that was preserved so little changed in the

published Silmarillion; here I have restricted myself to notes on

the changes that were made editorially.

I cannot, or at any rate I cannot yet, attempt the editing of my

father's strictly or narrowly linguistic writings, in view of their

extraordinary complexity and difficulty; but I include in this book

the general essay called The Lhammas or Account of Tongues,

and also the Etymologies, both belonging to this period. The

latter, a kind of etymological dictionary, provides historical

explanations of a very large number of words and names, and

enormously increases the known vocabularies of the Elvish

tongues - as they were at that time, for like everything else the

languages continued to evolve as the years passed. Also hitherto

unknown except by allusion is my father's abandoned 'time-travel'

story The Lost Road, which leads primarily to Numenor, but also

into the history and legend of northern and western Europe, with

the associated poems The Song of AElfwine (in the stanza of Pearl)

and King Sheave (in alliterative verse). Closely connected with

The Lost Road were the earliest forms of the legend of the

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Drowning of Numenor, which are also included in the book, and

the first glimpses of the story of the Last Alliance of Elves and

Men.

In the inevitable Appendix I have placed three works which are

not given complete: the Genealogies, the List of Names, and the

second 'Silmarillion' Map, all of which belong in their original

forms to the earlier 193Os. The Genealogies only came to light

recently, but they add in fact little to what is known from the

narrative texts. The List of Names might have been better

included in Vol. IV, but this was again a work of reference which

provides very little new matter, and it was more convenient to

postpone it and then to give just those few entries which offer new

detail. The second Map is a different case. This was my father's

sole 'Silmarillion' map for some forty years, and here I have

redrawn it to show it as it was when first made, leaving out all the

layer upon layer of later accretion and alteration. The Tale of

Years and the Tale of Battles, listed in title-pages to The Sil-

marillion as elements in that work (see p. 202), are not included,

since they were contemporary with the later Annals and add

nothing to the material found in them; subsequent alteration of

names and dates was also carried out in a precisely similar way.

In places the detailed discussion of dating may seem excessive,

but since the chronology of my father's writings, both 'internal'

and 'external', is extremely difficult to determine and the evidence

full of traps, and since the history can be very easily and very

seriously falsified by mistaken deductions on this score, I have

wished to make as plain as I can the reasons for my assertions.

In some of the texts I have introduced paragraph-numbering.

This is done in the belief that it will provide a more precise and

therefore quicker method of reference in a book where the dis-

cussion of its nature moves constantly back and forth.

As in previous volumes I have to some degree standardized

usage in respect of certain names: thus for example I print Gods,

Elves, Orcs, Middle-earth, etc. with initial capitals, and Kor,

Tun, Earendel, Numenorean, etc. for frequent Kor, Tun,

Earendel, Numenorean of the manuscripts.

The earlier volumes of the series are referred to as I (The Book of

Lost Tales Part I), II (The Book of Lost Tales Part 11), III (The

Lays of Beleriand), and IV (The Shaping of Middle-earth).

The sixth volume now in preparation will concern the evolution of

The Lard of the Rings.

The tables illustrating The Lhammas are reproduced with the

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permission of the Bodleian Library, Oxford, who kindly supplied

photographs.

I list here for convenience the abbreviations used in the book in

reference to various works {for a fuller account see pp. 107 - 8).

Texts in Vol. IV:

S. The Sketch of the Mythology or 'earliest Silmarillion'.

Q. The Quenta ('Quenta Noldorinwa'), the second version

of 'The Silmarillion'.

AV1. The earliest Annals of Valinor.

AB1. The earliest Annals of Beleriand (in two versions, the

second early abandoned).

Texts in Vol. V:

FN. The Fall of Numenor (FN I and FN II referring to the

first and second texts).

AV2. The second version of the Annals of Valinor.

AB2. The second version (or strictly the third) of the Annals

of Beleriand.

QS. The Quenta Silmarillion, the third version of 'The

Silmarillion', nearing completion at the end of 1937.

Other works (Ambarkanta, Ainulindale, Lhammas, The Lost

Road) are not referred to by abbreviations.

In conclusion, I take this opportunity to notice and explain the

erroneous representation of the Westward Extension of the first

'Silmarillion' Map in the previous volume (The Shaping of

Middle-earth p. 228). It will be seen that this map presents a

strikingly different appearance from that of the Eastward Exten-

sion on p. 231. These two maps, being extremely faint, proved

impossible to reproduce from photographs supplied by the

Bodleian Library, and an experimental 'reinforcement' (rather

than re-drawing) of a copy of the Westward Extension was tried

out. This I rejected, and it was then found that my photocopies of

the originals gave a result sufficiently clear for the purpose.

Unhappily, the rejected 'reinforced' version of the Westward

Extension map was substituted for the photocopy. (Photocopies

were also used for diagram III on p. 247 and map V on p. 251,

where the originals are in faint pencil.)

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THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE

LEGEND.

In February 1968 my father addressed a commentary to the authors of

article about him (The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien no. 294). In the

course

of this he recorded that 'one day' C. S. Lewis said to him that since

'there

is too little of what we really like in stories' they would have to try to

write

some themselves. He went on:

We agreed that he should try 'space-travel', and I should try

'time-

travel'. His result is well known. My effort, after a few

promising

chapters, ran dry: it was too long a way round to what I really

wanted

to make, a new version of the Atlantis legend. The final scene

survives

as The Downfall of Numenor.*

Afewyearsearlier, in a letter of July 1964 (Letters no. 257), he gave

some

account of his book, The Lost Road:

When C. S. Lewis and I tossed up, and he was to write on space-

travel

and I on time-travel, I began an abortive book of time-travel of

which

the end was to be the presence of my hero in the drowning of

Atlantis.

This was to be called Numenor, the Land in the West. The thread

was

to be the occurrence time and again in human families (like

Durin

among the Dwarves) of a father and son called by names that could

interpreted as Bliss-friend and Elf-friend. These no longer

understood

are found in the end to refer to the Atlantid-Numenorean situation

and

mean 'one loyal to the Valar, content with the bliss and

prosperity

within the limits prescribed' and 'one loyal to friendship with

the

High-elves'. It started with a father-son affinity between Edwin

and

Elwin of the present, and was supposed to go back into legendary

time

by way of an Eadwine and AElfwine of circa A.D.918, and Audoin

and

Alboin of Lombardic legend, and so to the traditions of the North

Sea

concerning the coming of corn and culture heroes, ancestors of

kingly

lines, in boats (and their departure in funeral ships). One such

Sheaf,

or Shield Sheafing, can actually be made out as one of the

remote

ancestors of the present Queen. In my tale we were to come at last

Amandil and Elendil leaders of the loyal party in Numenor, when

fell under the domination of Sauron. Elendil 'elf-friend' was

the

founder of the Exiled kingdoms in Arnor and Gondor. But I found

(* This is Akallabeth, The Downfall of Numenor, posthumously published

The Silmarillion, pp. 259-82.)

real interest was only in the upper end, the Akallabeth or Atalantie*

('Downfall' in Numenorean and Quenya), so I brought all the stuff I

had written on the originally unrelated legends of Numenor into

relation with the main mythnlogy.

I do not know whether evidence exists that would date the

conversation

that led to the writing of Out of the Silent Planet and The Last

Road, but

the former was finished by the autumn of 1937, and the

latter was

submitted, so far as it went, to Allen and Unwin in November

of that

year (see 1 II.364).

The significance of the last sentence in the passage just cited

is not

entirely clear. When my father said 'But I found my real interest

was only

in the upper end, the Akallabeth or Atalantie' he undoubtedly

meant that

he had not been inspired to write the 'intervening' parts, in

which the

father and son were to appear and reappear in older and older

phases of

Germanic legend; and indeed The Lost Road stops after the

introductory

chapters and only takes up again with the Numenorean story that

was to

come at the end. Very little was written of what was planned

to lie

between. But what is the meaning of 'so I brought all the stuff

I had

written on the originally unrelated legends of Numenor into

relation with

the main mythology'? My father seems to be saying that, having

found

that he only wanted to write about Numenor, he therefore and

only then

(abandoning The Last Road) appended the Numenorean material to

'the

main mythology', thus inaugurating the Second Age of the

World. But

what was this material? He cannot have meant the Numenorean

matter

contained in The Lost Road itself, since that was already fully

related to

'the main mythology'. It must therefore have been something else,

already

existing when The last Road was begun, as Humphrey Carpenter

assumes

in his Biography (p. 170): 'Tolkien's legend of Numenor... was

prohably

composed some time before the writing of "The Lost Road",

perhaps in

the late nineteen-twenties or early thirties.' But, in fact, the

conclusion

seems to me inescapable that my father erred when he said this.

The original rough workings for The Lost Road are extant, but

they are

very rough, and do not form a continuous text. There is one

complete

manuscript, itself fairly rough and heavily emended in different

stages;

and a professional typescript that was done when virtually all

changes

had been made to the manuscript. f The typescript breaks off well

before

<It is a curious chance that the stem talat used in Q[uenya] for

'slipping,

sliding, falling down', of which atalantie is a normal (in Q) noun-

formation,

should so much resemble Atlantis. [Footnote to the letter.] -

See the

Etymologies, stem TALAT. The very early Elvish dictionary described in I.

246 has

a verb talte 'incline (transitive), decline, shake at foundations, make

totter, etc.'

and an adjective talta 'shaky, wobbly, tottering - sloping, slanting.'

+'This typescript was made at Allen and Unwin, as appears from a

letter from

Stanley Unwin dated 30th November 1937: The Lost Road: We have

had this

typed and are returning the original herewith. The typed copy will

follow when

we have had an opportunity of reading it.' See further p. 73 note 14.

the point where the manuscript comes to an end, and my

father's

emendations to it were very largely corrections of the typist's

errors,

which were understandably many; it has therefore only slight

textual

value, and the manuscript is very much the primary text.

The Lost Road breaks off finally in the course of a conversation

during

the last days of Numenor between Elendil and his son Herendil; and

this Elendil speaks at length of the ancient history: of the wars

against

Morgoth, of Earendel, of the founding of Numenor, and of the

coming

there of Sauron. The Lost Road is therefore, as I have said,

entirely

integrated with 'the main mythology' - and this is true already in

the

preliminary drafts.

Now as the papers were found, there follows immediately after the

last

page of The Lost Road a further manuscript with a new page-

numbering,

but no title. Quite apart from its being so placed, this text gives a

strong

physical impression of belonging to the same time as The Last Road;

and

it is closely associated in content with the last part of The Last Road, for

tells the story of Numenor and its downfall - though this second text

was

written with a different purpose, to be a complete if very brief history:

is indeed the first fully-written draft of the narrative that

ultimately

became the Akallabeth. But it is earlier than The Lost Road; for

where

that has Sauron and Tarkalion this has Sur and Angor.

A second, more finished manuscript of this history of

Numenor

followed, with the title (written in afterwards) The Last Tale: The Fall

Numenor. This has several passages that are scarcely different

from

passages in The Lost Road, but it seems scarcely possible to show

for

certain which preceded and which followed, unless the evidence cited

p. 74, note 25, is decisive that the second version of The Fall of

Numenor

was the later of the two; in any case, a passage rewritten very near

the

time of the original composition of this version is certainly later than

The

Last Road, for it gives a later form of the story of Sauron's arrival

Numenor (see pp. 26 - 7).

It is therefore clear that the two works were intimately connected;

they

arose at the same time and from the same impulse, and my father

worked

on them together. But still more striking is the existence of a single

page

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摘要：

CONTENTS.PrefacepagePARTONE:THEFALLOFNUMENORANDTHELOSTROAD.ITHEEARLYHISTORYOFTHELEGEND7IITHEFALLOFNUMENOR(i)Theoriginaloutline(ii)ThefirstversionofTheFallofNumenor13(iii)ThesecondversionofTheFallofNumenor23(iv)ThefurtherdevelopmentofTheFallofNumenor31

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