Tout T.F. - History of England from Henry III to Edward III

THE

HISTORY OF ENGLAND

FROM THE ACCESSION OF HENRY III.

TO THE DEATH OF EDWARD III.

W6-~3779

T. F. TOUT, M.A.

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND

CO.

39

PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON

NEW YORK AND BOMBAY

~9%

CONTENTS.

19 Oct., 1216.

28 Oct.

11 Nov.

12

Nov.

1216-17.

1217.

22

April.

20 May.

23 Aug.

11 Sept.

6 Nov.

14

May,

rag.

,

1219.

July,

1221.

Jan.-Feb.,

1221.

July,

1222.

1221-24.

1219-23.

April, 1223.

June, 1224.

20 June-14 Aug.

CHAPTER I.

THE REGENCY OF WILLIAM MARSHAL.

Death of King John

.

Position of parties

.

The Church on the king’s side

. .

Coronation of Henry III.

.

Great council at Bristol

.

The first charter of Henry III.

.

Progress of the war

.

Rising of

Wilkin

of the

Weald

.. . .

Louis’ visit to France

.

Return of Louis from France

.

Sieges of Dover,

Farnham,

and Mount Sorrel

.

The fair of Lincoln

.

The sea-fight off Sandwich

.

Treaty of

Lambeth

.

Reissue of the great charter

.

Restoration of order by William Marshal

.

Death of William Marshal

.

His character and career

.

CHAPTER II.

THE RULE OF HUBERT DE BURGH.

Pandulf the real successor of William Marshal

.

Langton

procures

Pandulf’s

recall

.

Ascendency

of Hubert de Burgh

.

The rebellion of

Albemarle

.

The sedition of Constantine

FitzAthulf

..

Marriage alliances

.

War in Wales

.

Henry III. declared by the pope competent to govern

Revolt of Falkes de

Breaute

. . . . .

Siege of Bedford

.

Fall of Falkes

.

Papal and royal taxation

.

ix

I

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

17

19

20

22

23

24

25

26

27

X

POLlTlCAL

HISTORY OF ENGLAND.

April,

1227.

1224.

1225.

Nov., 1226.

1229-30.

21-30

July, 1230.

1228.

2 May, 1230.

1231.

Aug.

1232.

2g

July.

1231.

1232.

1232-34.

Aug., 1233.

25

Nov.

1234.

I April.

2 April

g April,

14 Jan., 1236.

,

1239.

1237.

1239.

1235

16 Nov., 1240.

May-Sept., 1242.

1243,

I

End of the minority

.

Relations with France during the minority

.

The Lusignans and the Poitevin barons

.

. .

Louis

VIIL’s

conquest of Poitou

.

Expedition of Richard of Cornwall and William

Longsword to

Gascony

.

Accession of Louis IX. in France

.

Henry

111.‘~

campaign in Brittany and Poitou

.

Siege of

Mirambeau

.

The Kerry campaign

.

Death of William of

Braose

.

Henry

111.‘~

second Welsh campaign

.

Death of Archbishop Richard le Grand

.

Gregory IX. and Henry III.

.

Riots of Robert

Twenge

.

Fall of Hubert de Burgh

.

Death of William Marshal the Younger

...

Death of Randolph of

Blundeville,

Earl of Chester

.

CHAPTER III.

THE ALIEN INVASION.

Rule of Peter des Roches

.

Revolt of Richard Marshal

.

Fight near Monmouth

.

Richard Marshal in Ireland

.

Defeat and death of the Earl Marshal near Kildare

.

Edmund Rich consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury

Fall of Peter des Roches

.

Beginning of Henry

111.‘~

personal government

.

Character of Henry III.

.

The alien invasions

.

Henry’s marriage to Eleanor of

Provence

.

. .

The

Savoyards

in England

.

Revival of Poitevin influence

.

Simon of Montfort Earl of Leicester

. .

.

The legation of Cardinal Otto

.

Quarrel of Gregory IX. and Frederick II.

.

Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln

3

.

. .

Death of Edmund Rich in exile.

.

Henry III. and Frederick II.

.

Attempted reconquest of Poitou

.

The campaign of Taillebourg

.

Truce with France

.

The Lusignans in England

.

The baronial opposition

.

Grosseteste’s

opposition to Henry III. and Innocent

IV.

.

‘%lTE

29

3o

31

32

34

36

37

38

33

39

4o

41

43

45

47

43

49

5o

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

53

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

T..E

POLITICAL HISTORY OF

EiVGLAfVD.

Seventy-+x

years

have passed

s&we

Lingam?

com$Zeted

his HISTORY OF ENGLAND,

W&A

mm's

with the

RevoZu-

ties

of

168%.

Du?&zg

that

$eriod

histo&aZ

study has

made

a great advance.

YeaT

after year the

mass

of

nzate&aZs

fog

a new

History

of

EggZand

has

incyeasea?;

new

Zzkhts

have

deez.

thyown

0%

events and

characteq

and

0Zd

eryom

have been

corrected.

Many

notabZe

works have

beer2

written

on various

jeriods

of

our

history

;

some

of them at such

Zength

as to

a&beaZ

aZmost

excZusiveZy

to

professed

histo&caZ

stdemts.

It

is

JeZievea?

that the time has

cowe

whee

the advance

which has

deez

maa?e

z&z

the

knowzedge

of

EmgZish

histoyy

as a

whoZe

shodd

be

Zaia?

before

the

j+ubZic

iz

a

singZe

work

of

faiyZy

aa?equate

size. Such a book

shouZd

be

founded

om

independent thought

ana?

yeseamh,

but

shouZa?

at the same time

be

written with a

fuZZ

knowZedge

of the works of the best

modem

historians

am? with

&

a?esiye

to take

adva&age

of their teaching

whevevey

it

ajjeam

sound.

The vast

number

of

authoritie.s,

@&ted

aza?

&z

manuscrz$t,

on which a

History

of

EngZand

shouZd

be

based,

S$

it is to

represent

the existing state of

know-

Zedge,

vemz!em

co-operatio92

aZ9nost

necessary

and

ce9+ain&

advisabZe.

The History, of which this

voZume

is

a%

in-,

staZment,

is an

attempt

to set

fodh

in a

yeaa?ahZe

form

the

TesuZts

at

jresent

attained by

reseamh.

It

wiZZ

COPZ-

sist of

tweZve

voZ&nes

by

tweZve

a?z$&ered

writers,

each

ii

POLITICAL HISTORY

OFEiVGLAiVD.

of

them chosen as

de&g

specia@

capabZe

of

deaZing

with

the period which he

unu?edakes,

and the

editom,

whiZe

Zeaving

to each author as

free

a

hand

as

possibze,

hope

to

insure

a

geneyaZ

simiZarity

in

method?

of treatment, so

that the

tweZve

voZumes

may

z&z

the&

contents, as

weZZ

as

in

the&-

outwad

appearance,

fomn

one History.

As its

titZe

imports, this

History

wiZZ

@&nari&

deaZ

with

poZitics,

with the History of

EngZand

and,

after

the date of the union with

SmtZand,

G-eat

Bitain,

as a state

or

boay

poZitic;

&t

as the

Zzj5e

of a

nation

is

compZex,

ad

its condition at

a9zy

given

tiflge

cannot

be

understood without

tak&g

into

accoum!

the

various

forces

acting upon it, notices of

YeZigious

matters

and

of

in-

teZZectuaZ,

socia4

ad

ecozonzic

progress

wiZZ

aZs0

yha

pZace

in these

voZumes.

The footnotes

wiZZ,

so

far

as

is

possiJZe,

be

conjnea?

to references to

authorities,

ana?

references

wiZ1

not be

appeded

to statements which

appear

to be

Matters

of common

kn0wZedge

am!

a0

not

caZZ

for

suppod.

Each

voZume

wiZZ

have an

Ap-

pedix

giving some account of the chief authorities,

o&ginaZ

and

secondary,

which the author has used.

This account

wiZZ

be

compiZed

with a view of

he@ing

stua’eds

vathey

than of making

Zong

Zists

of books with-

out any

zotes

as to the& contents

ov

vaZue.

That the

History

wiZZ

have

fauZts

both of its own

amd

such as

w$Z

aZways

in some

nzeaswe

attend

co-operative

work,

must be expected, but no pains have

deen

spamd

to

make

it, so

fay

as may be, not

whoZZy

unworthy of

the

great-

ness of its

sulject.

Each

voZume,

whiZe

foyming

pad

of a

compZete

History,

wiZZ

aZs0

in

itseg

Je

a separate

and

compZete

book,

wiZZ

be

soZd

sepayate4,

and

wiZZ

have its own

index>

ana?

two

0~

wore

ma$s.

POLZTZCdL

HZSTORY

OFENGLANB.

.

Ill

Vol. I. to 1066. By Thomas Hodgkin, D.C.L.,

Litt.D.,

Fellow

of University College, London; Fellow of the British

Academy.

Vol. II. 1066 to 1216. By George Burton Adams,

M.A.,

Professor of History in Yale University, New Haven,

Connecticut.

Vol. III. 1216 to 1377. By T. F. Tout,

M.A.,

Professor of

Medieval and Modern History in the Victoria University

of Manchester

;

formerly Fellow of Pembroke College,

Oxford.

Vol. IV. 1377 to

1485.

By C. Oman,

M.A.,

Fellow of

All

Souls’ College, and Deputy Professor of Modern History

in the University of Oxford.

Vol.

V.

1485

to

1547.

By

H.

A. L. Fisher,

M.A.,

Fellow

and Tutor of New College, Oxford.

Vol. VI.

1547

to 1603. By A. F. Pollard,

M.A.,

Professor of

Constitutional History in University College, London,

Vol. VII. 1603 to 1660. By F. C. Montague,

M.A.,

Professor

of History in University College, London

;

formerly Fellow

of

Oriel

College, Oxford.

Vol. VIII. 1660 to 1702. By Richard Lodge,

M.A.,

Professor

of History in the University of Edinburgh; formerly

Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford.

Vol. IX. 1702 to 1760. By I.

S.

Leadam,

M.A.,

formerly

Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford.

Vol. X. 1760 to 1801. By the Rev. William Hunt,

M.A.,

D.Litt.,

Trinity College, Oxford.

Vol. XI. 1801 to 1837. By the Hon. George C. Brodrick,

D.C.L., late Warden of Merton College, Oxford, and

J. K. Fotheringham,

M.A.,

Magdalen College, Oxford,

Lecturer in Classics at King’s College, London.

Vol. XII. 1837 to

rgor.

By Sidney J. Low,

M.A.,

Balliol

College, Oxford, formerly Lecturer on History at King’s

College, London.

EDITED

BY

WILLIAM HUNT,

D.LITT.,

AND

REGINALD L. POOLE, M.A.

III.

THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND

FROM THE ACCESSION OF HENRY III. TO THE

DEATH OF EDWARD III.

1216-1377

CONTENTS

OF THE

THlRD

VOLUME. xi

rt%elr

1243.

Relations with Scotland and Wales

.

67

1240.

Death of Llewelyn ap

lorwerth

.

67

1246. Death of David ap Llewelyn

.

68

CHAPTER IV.

POLITICAL

RETROGRESSION

AND NATIONAL PROGRESS.

1248-58.

1248-52.

Aug., 1253.

1254.

=257*

1255.

1257.

1221.

1224.

,

Characteristics of the history of these ten years

.

Decay of Henry’s power in

Gascony.

.

Simon de Montfort, seneschal of

Gascony

..

Henry III. in

Gascony

.

Marriage and establishment of Edward the king’s son

Edward’s position in

Gascony

.

Edward’s position in Cheshire

.

Llewelyn ap Griffith sole Prince of North Wales

.

Edward in the four

cantreds

and in West Wales

.

Welsh campaign of Henry and Edward

.. .

Revival of the baronial opposition

.

Candidature of Edmund, the king’s son, for Sicily

.

Richard of Cornwall elected and crowned King of the

Remans

.

Leicester as leader of the opposition

.

..

Progress in the age of Henry III.

. . .

.

The cosmopolitan and the national ideals

..

.

French influence

.

The coming of the friars

.

Gilbert of

Freynet

and the first Dominicans in

England

.

Arrival of

Agnellus

of Pisa and the first Franciscans

in England.

.

Other mendicant orders in England

.

The influence of the friars

.

The universities

.

Prominent English schoolmen

.

Paris and Oxford

.

The mendicants at Oxford.

.

Roger Bacon and Duns

Scotus

.

Academic influence in public life

.

Beginnings of colleges

.

Intellectual characteristics of thirteenth century

.

Literature in Latin and French

.

Literature in English.

.

Art

.

Gothic architecture

.

The towns and trade

.

69

7o

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

88

89

9o

9=

92

93

94

95

96

97

xii

POLITICAL

HISTOR

Y OF

EiVGLAND.

CHAPTER V.

THE BARONS’ WAR.

z

April, 1258.

Parliament at London

.

II June. The Mad Parliament

.

The Provisions of Oxford

.

22 June. Flight of the

Lusignans

.

Appointment of the Fifteen

.

Working of the new Constitution

.

4

Dec.,

1259.

Treaty of Paris

.

Its unpopularity in England and France

.

1259.

Dissensions among the baronial leaders

.

1259.

Provisions of Westminster

.

1261.

Henry

111.‘~

repudiation of the Provisions

1263.

Reconstitution of parties

.

The changed policy of the marchers

.

Outbreak of civil war

.

The appeal to Louis IX.

.

23 Jan., 1264. Mise of

Amiens

.

Renewal of the struggle

.

4

April. Sack of Northampton

.

~

.

The campaign in Kent and Sussex

..

r4

May. Battle of

Lewes.

.

Personal triumph of Montfort

.

CHAPTER VI.

THE

RULE

os

MONTFORT

*NII

~YIE

ROYALIST RESTORATION.

15 May.

15

Dee

Jan.-Mar., 1265.

2X

May.

22 June.

I

4 Aug.

1266.

15 May.

31 Oct.

Michaelmas.

April, 1267.

July.

25 Sept.

1267.

1270-72,

16

Nov.,

1272.

Mise of Lewes

.

Provisions of Worcester

.

The Parliament of 1265

.

Split up of the baronial party

.

.. .

Quarrel of Leicester and Gloucester

.

. .

Edward’s escape

.

Treaty of

Pipton

.

Small results of the alliance of

Llewelyn

and

barons

.

The campaign in the

Severn

valley

.

Battle of

Evesham

.

The royalist restoration

.

,

.

The revolt of the Disinherited

...

Battle of Chesterfield.

.

The Dictum de

Kenilworth

.

The Ely rebellion

.

Gloucester’s support of the Disinherited

.

End of the rebellion

.

Treaty of Shrewsbury

.

Statute of Marlborough

.

Edward’s Crusade

.

Death of Henry III.

.

PA073

.

98

.

99

.

100

.

102

.

103

.

ro4

.

104

.

106

*

107

.

108

.

rag

.

110

.

III

.

112

.

112

.

rr3

.

113

*

114

.

115

.

116

.

118

*

119

.

121

.

121

.

123

-

123

.

124

-

125

the

-

125

.

126

.

127

.

128

*

129

*

=3o

.

131

.

131

.

132

.

132

.

133

*

134

.

134

.

135

CONTENTS OF

Z’HE

l-HIRD

VOLUME.

.

Xl11

CHAPTER VII.

THE

EARLY FOREIGN POLICY AND LEGISLATION

on

EDWARD

I.

Character of Edward

I,

.

136

1272-74.

Rule of the regency . . . . . . .

139

Edward’s doings in Italy and France.

. .

-

139

Edward’s relations with Philip III.

.

140

r273-74.

Wars of

Beam

and

Limoges

.

141

Edward I. and Gregory X.

.

142

May-July, 1274. Council of Lyons

.

r42

Relations of Edward I. and Rudolf of

Hapsburg

.

r43

23 May,

1279.

Treaty of

Atniens

.

*

145

1281.

League of M&on

.

146

1282.

Sicilian vespers

.

146

1285.

Deaths of Philip III., Charles of

Anjou,

Peter of

Aragon, and Martin IV.

.

146

Bishop

Burnell

.

..

147

1275.

Statute of Westminster, the

first

.

147

1278. Statute of Gloucester

.

-

148

Hundred Rolls and

placita

de

pm

warvaxto

..

149

Archbishops Kilwardby and

Peckham

. .

.

rso

r27g.

Statute of Mortmain

.

151

1285.

Ciwumspecte

agatis

.

..

152

1285.

Statute of Westminster, the second (De

Dorzis)

.

153

1285.

Statute of Winchester

.

154

CHAPTER VIII.

THE CONQUEST OF NORTH WALES.

Execution of the Treaty of Shrewsbury

.

Llewelyn’s refusal of homage

.

my,.

Edward’s first Welsh campaign

.

,

rq~.

Treaty of Aberconway

.

155

.

156

.

157

*

159

Edward’s attempts to introduce English law into

tne

ceded districts

.

1282.

The Welsh revolt

.

1282. Edward’s second Welsh campaign

.

Llewelyn’s

escape to the Upper Wye

.

II

Dec. Battle of

Orewyn

Bridge

.

1283.

Parliaments and financial expedients

.

Subjection of

Gwynedd

completed

.

3 Oct.

Parliament of Shrewsbury and execution of David

.

The Edwardian castles

.

,

Mid-Lent, 1284.

Statute of Wales

.

Effect of the

conclues~upon

the march

..

. .

Peckham

and the ecclesiastical settlement of Wales

.

1287. Revolt of Rhys ap Meredith

.

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

Tout T.F. - History of England from Henry III to Edward III

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