The Possibility of Mirror Planet as Planet Nine in Solar System Pei Wang1 2Yu-Chen Tang1 2Lei Zu1 2Yuan-Yuan Chen3 4 5and Lei Fengy1 6 1Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy

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The Possibility of Mirror Planet as Planet Nine in Solar System

Pei Wang,1, 2 Yu-Chen Tang,1, 2 Lei Zu ∗,1, 2 Yuan-Yuan Chen,3, 4, 5 and Lei Feng †1, 6

1Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy,

Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China

2School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China

3Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China

4Key Laboratory of Planetary Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China

5CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China

6Joint Center for Particle, Nuclear Physics and Cosmology,

Nanjing University – Purple Mountain Observatory, Nanjing 210093, China

A series of dynamical anomalies in the orbits of distant trans-Neptunian objects points to a new

celestial body (usually named Planet Nine) in the solar system. In this draft, we point out that a

mirror planet captured from the outer solar system or formed in the solar system is also a possible

candidate. The introduction of the mirror matter model is due to an unbroken parity symmetry and

is a potential explanation for dark matter. This mirror planet has null or fainter electromagnetic

counterparts with a smaller optical radius and might be explored through gravitational eﬀects.

PACS numbers:

I. INTRODUCTION

Over the past two decades, many observations have un-

veiled an abnormal structure of distant trans-Neptunian

objects (TNOs), which cannot be explained by the known

eight-planet solar system alone [1, 2]. While a new ninth

planet in our Solar System could account for this dynami-

cal phenomenon [3, 4]. Planet Nine (P9) is predicted with

a mass of ∼5–10 M⊕, semi-major axis of a9∼400–800 AU

and eccentricity between e9∼0.2–0.5 [4]. The probability

of P9 has been discussed for scattering the planet from a

smaller orbit, ejecting it from the solar system or captur-

ing it from another system as a free-ﬂoating planet [4–6].

It would indicate that the current theories for forming

planets need to be updated. Further studies have also

been carried out for the possible magnitudes [7], the mass

and radius [8] of the P9.

Considering the absence of an apparent optical coun-

terpart by now, the authors in Ref. [9] discussed the pos-

sibility of a primordial black hole (BH) as the P9. It aims

to explain two anomalies: the orbits of TNOs and the

microlensing events in the Optical Gravitational Lensing

Experiment (OGLE) with an object mass of M∼0.5–20

M⊕[10, 11]. However, the primordial BH is not the only

dark component in the mass range of approximately M⊕

beyond the standard models [12–16]. Other hybrid ob-

jects were also discussed by several groups. For example,

in Ref. [17, 18], the authors proposed the possibility of

small neutron stars which consist of a small compact mat-

ter core in a dark matter halo. However, considering the

minimum mass of neutron stars ∼0.1 M[19] is higher

than the mass of P9, it is out of consideration here.

Here, we discuss the possibility of a mirror planet act-

∗Corresponding author: zulei@pmo.ac.cn

†Corresponding author: fenglei@pmo.ac.cn

ing as the P9 which is formed by mirror dark matter,

another possible dark matter candidate. In this sce-

nario, the mirror sector is the exact copy of the stan-

dard model sector to keep the full Poincar´e symmetry

[14]. The non-gravitational interactions between the two

sectors are negligible, such that the mirror part could

constitute the non-baryonic dark matter in the universe.

However, the mirror particles hold the same interactions

as the ordinary parts, which predict a similar structure

such as dark stars, dark neutron stars, and even dark

planets [20–23]. Mirror planets in the solar system have

also been discussed in [24, 25]. In Ref. [15], the authors

argued that several close-orbiting large mass exoplanets

may be made of mirror particles, i.e., they are mirror

planets. Another fascinating hypothesis is that a mirror

matter space body may be responsible for the Tunguska

explosion [26]. From our calculation, we found that there

are enough mirror particles captured in the solar system

to form a dark planet in this mass range. In addition,

this dark planet may come from the gravitational capture

of the solar system, and the capturing rate is compatible

with the ordinary free-ﬂoating planet. This dark planet

also reﬂects sunlight as it accretes ordinary matter from

the environment [20], and its magnitude was also calcu-

lated in this draft.

This paper is organized as follows: In Section II, we

introduce the mirror dark matter model and discuss the

probability of the mirror planet in our solar system.

Then, in Section III, we discuss the possible distinguish-

able observation features for the mirror planet. The con-

clusions are summarized in the ﬁnal section.

II. MIRROR PLANET IN SOLAR SYSTEM

Each known particle has a mirror partner in the mirror

matter model. This hidden sector includes the new Z2

symmetry, thus, explaining the left-right hand symme-

arXiv:2210.04147v1 [astro-ph.EP] 9 Oct 2022

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ThePossibilityofMirrorPlanetasPlanetNineinSolarSystemPeiWang,1,2Yu-ChenTang,1,2LeiZu,1,2Yuan-YuanChen,3,4,5andLeiFengy1,61KeyLaboratoryofDarkMatterandSpaceAstronomy,PurpleMountainObservatory,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Nanjing210023,China2SchoolofAstronomyandSpaceScience,UniversityofScienceandTechnolo...

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The Possibility of Mirror Planet as Planet Nine in Solar System Pei Wang1 2Yu-Chen Tang1 2Lei Zu1 2Yuan-Yuan Chen3 4 5and Lei Fengy1 6 1Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy

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