Search for new heavy resonances decaying to WW WZ ZZ WH or ZH boson pairs in the all-jets final state in proton-proton collisions at sqrts 13 TeV

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EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH (CERN)

CERN-EP-2022-152

2023/07/26

CMS-B2G-20-009

Search for new heavy resonances decaying to WW, WZ,

ZZ, WH, or ZH boson pairs in the all-jets ﬁnal state in

proton-proton collisions at √s=13 TeV

The CMS Collaboration*

Abstract

A search for new heavy resonances decaying to WW, WZ, ZZ, WH, or ZH boson

pairs in the all-jets ﬁnal state is presented. The analysis is based on proton-proton

collision data recorded by the CMS detector in 2016–2018 at a centre-of-mass energy

of 13 TeV at the CERN LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb−1.

The search is sensitive to resonances with masses between 1.3 and 6 TeV, decaying

to bosons that are highly Lorentz-boosted such that each of the bosons forms a sin-

gle large-radius jet. Machine learning techniques are employed to identify such jets.

No signiﬁcant excess over the estimated standard model background is observed. A

maximum local signiﬁcance of 3.6 standard deviations, corresponding to a global sig-

niﬁcance of 2.3 standard deviations, is observed at masses of 2.1 and 2.9 TeV. In a

heavy vector triplet model, spin-1 Z′and W′resonances with masses below 4.8 TeV

are excluded at the 95% conﬁdence level (CL). These limits are the most stringent

to date. In a bulk graviton model, spin-2 gravitons and spin-0 radions with masses

below 1.4 and 2.7 TeV, respectively, are excluded at 95% CL. Production of heavy res-

onances through vector boson fusion is constrained with upper cross section limits at

95% CL as low as 0.1 fb.

Published in Physics Letters B as doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2023.137813.

*See Appendix A for the list of collaboration members

arXiv:2210.00043v2 [hep-ex] 25 Jul 2023

1 Introduction

The CERN LHC allows the probing of new phenomena in interactions of elementary parti-

cles at energies of multiple TeV. While the standard model (SM) of particle physics describes

these high-energy interactions very successfully, it leaves several questions unresolved, such

as the nature of dark matter and the origin of the large difference between the electroweak

and Planck scales. Theories beyond the SM that can address these questions introduce new

particles and interactions that could be observed in proton-proton (pp) collisions at the LHC.

A wide range of models predict the production of new heavy resonances decaying to pairs of

W, Z (jointly referred to as V), and Higgs bosons (H). Examples of such resonances are spin-0

radions (Rad) and spin-2 gravitons (Gbulk) in the Randall–Sundrum model with warped extra

dimensions [1–7], and spin-1 vector boson resonances (W′and Z′) [8, 9] appearing in composite

Higgs [10–14] and little Higgs [15, 16] models and forming a heavy vector triplet (HVT) [17].

Previous searches by the CMS Collaboration in the VV [18–29] and VH [18, 30–36] channels,

and corresponding searches by the ATLAS Collaboration in the VV [37–45] and VH [46–49]

channels, have not observed signiﬁcant deviations from the SM. The most stringent lower lim-

its at 95% conﬁdence level (CL) [18, 37] for spin-1 resonances decaying to a WZ (WH) boson

pair exclude masses up to 4.3 (4.0) TeV in the HVT model B [17].

This Letter presents a search in the all-jets ﬁnal state for new heavy resonances using a pp

collision data set collected by the CMS experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV in 2016–

2018 corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb−1. Resonances decaying to a VV or

VH boson pair with masses between 1.3 and 6 TeV and produced via Drell–Yan (DY), gluon

fusion (ggF), or vector boson fusion (VBF) are targeted. Representative Feynman diagrams for

the aforementioned processes are shown in Fig. 1.

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Gbulk/Rad

W(Z)

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Z0(W0)

Z(W)

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Z0(W0)

W(Z)

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Gbulk/Rad

W(Z)

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Z0(W0)

Z(W)

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Z0(W0)

W(Z)

Figure 1: Feynman diagrams of the signal processes ggF or DY produced (upper) and VBF

produced (lower): (left) graviton or radion decaying to WW or ZZ; (center) Z′and W′decaying

to ZH and WH, respectively; (right) Z′and W′decaying to WW and WZ, respectively.

Because of the large Lorentz boost of the H, W, and Z bosons from the resonance decay, each

boson decay is typically clustered as a single large-radius jet. The ﬁnal state thus consists of

two large-radius jets (distance parameter R=0.8) in the case of DY and ggF production, with

two additional small-radius (R=0.4) jets in the case of VBF production. The SM background

estimation and signal extraction procedure is based on a three-dimensional (3D) maximum

likelihood ﬁt to the mass of the two large-radius jet systems and the two individual large-

radius jet masses, as introduced in a previous search by the CMS Collaboration in the VV

channel [19]. The sensitivity to VV and VH resonances is signiﬁcantly improved compared to

previous searches by categorizing events according to jet tagging algorithms based on machine

learning [50] that analyze the substructure of the large-radius jets to separate jets that originate

from boosted H, W, and Z bosons from other jets. Events are further categorized based on the

presence of additional small-radius jets, enhancing the sensitivity to VBF-produced resonances.

2 The CMS detector and event reconstruction

The central feature of the CMS apparatus is a superconducting solenoid of 6 m internal diame-

ter, providing a magnetic ﬁeld of 3.8 T. Within the solenoid volume are a silicon pixel and strip

tracker, a lead tungstate crystal electromagnetic calorimeter, and a brass and scintillator hadron

calorimeter, each composed of a barrel and two endcap sections. Forward calorimeters extend

the pseudorapidity coverage provided by the barrel and endcap detectors. Muons are mea-

sured in gas-ionization detectors embedded in the steel ﬂux-return yoke outside the solenoid.

A more detailed description of the CMS detector, together with a deﬁnition of the coordinate

system used and the relevant kinematic variables, can be found in Ref. [51].

Event reconstruction is based on a particle ﬂow algorithm [52], which reconstructs and iden-

tiﬁes individual particles (photon, electron, muon, charged hadron, neutral hadron) with in-

formation from the various elements of the CMS detector. Jets are reconstructed from these

particles, using the anti-kTjet clustering algorithm [53] with distance parameters of R=0.4

(AK4 jets) and R=0.8 (AK8 jets), as implemented in the FASTJET package [54]. To mitigate the

effect of additional pp interactions within the same or nearby bunch crossings (pileup) on the

reconstructed jet momentum, tracks identiﬁed as originating from pileup vertices are discarded

and an offset correction is applied to correct for remaining contributions. Jet energy corrections

are derived from simulation studies. In situ measurements of the momentum balance in dijet,

photon+jet, Z+jets, and multijet events are used to determine any residual differences between

the jet energy scale in data and in simulation, and appropriate corrections are made [55]. Ad-

ditional selection criteria are applied to each jet to remove jet measurements potentially arising

from instrumental effects or reconstruction failures [56].

Events of interest are selected using a two-tiered trigger system [57]. The ﬁrst level, composed

of custom hardware processors, uses information from the calorimeters and muon detectors

to select events at a rate of around 100 kHz within a ﬁxed time interval of less than 4 µs. The

second level, known as the high-level trigger, consists of a farm of processors running a version

of the full event reconstruction software optimized for fast processing, and reduces the event

rate to around 1 kHz before data storage. Events are selected online with a variety of different

jet triggers based on the highest jet transverse momentum (pT) or the pTsum of all jets in the

event (HT). For some of these triggers additional requirements on the trimmed jet mass [58] are

applied to allow lower the pTand HTthresholds [19, 25]. The trigger efﬁciency as a function of

the invariant mass of the two highest pTAK8 jets (mAK8

jj ) is >99% above 1250 GeV for all three

data-taking years, and the subsequent analysis thus requires mAK8

jj to be above this threshold.

3 Signal and background simulation

Each signal model is characterized by key parameters. The bulk graviton model is character-

ized by two free parameters: the mass of the ﬁrst Kaluza–Klein excitation of a spin-2 boson

(the Kaluza–Klein bulk graviton), and the ratio e

κ=κ√8π/MPl, with κbeing the unknown

curvature scale of the extra dimension and MPl the Planck mass. A scenario with e

κ=0.5,

resulting in resonances with a width smaller than the detector resolution is considered in this

analysis, as motivated in Ref. [59]. The radion model is also characterized by two parame-

ters: rc, the compactiﬁcation radius, and ΛR, the ultraviolet cutoff of the theory. The scenario

with κrcπ=35 and ΛR=3 TeV [59] is considered in this analysis. The HVT model is char-

acterized in terms of four parameters: the mass of the W′and Z′resonance; a coefﬁcient cF,

which scales the couplings of the additional gauge bosons to fermions; cH, which scales the

couplings to the Higgs boson and longitudinally polarized SM vector bosons; and gV, repre-

senting the typical strength of the new vector boson interaction. Two scenarios are considered

in this analysis: HVT model B, corresponding to gV=3, cH=−0.98, and cF=1.02 [17]; and

HVT model C [17], corresponding to gV=1, cH=1−3, and cF=0. In both scenarios, the

new resonances have a narrow decay width and large branching fraction to vector boson pairs,

while the fermionic couplings are suppressed. In the HVT model C, which has no fermionic

couplings, the resonances would be produced at the LHC exclusively via the VBF mode.

Monte Carlo (MC) simulated events of the radion, bulk graviton, and HVT resonance sig-

nal processes are generated at leading order (LO) in perturbative quantum chromodynamics

(QCD) with MADGRAPH5 aMC@NLO versions 2.4.2 and 2.6.0 [60]. The parton showering and

hadronization is simulated with PYTHIA versions 8.205 and 8.230 [61], for 2016 and 2017–2018

detector conditions, respectively. The NNPDF 3.0 [62] LO parton distribution functions (PDFs)

are used together with the CUETP8M1 [63] and CP5 [64] underlying-event tunes in PYTHIA for

2016 and 2017–2018 conditions, respectively. The signal cross sections are computed at next-to-

LO (NLO) with MADGRAPH5 aMC@NLO with the PDF4LHC15 100 PDF set [62, 65–69].

Simulated event samples of the SM background processes are used to develop the analysis

strategy and create templates for distributions used in the comparison with data. The QCD

multijet production is simulated with three generator conﬁgurations: PYTHIA only, the LO

mode of MADGRAPH5 aMC@NLO [70] interfaced with PYTHIA for the parton shower evolution

and matching (MG+PYTHIA8 in the following), and HERWIG++ 2.7.1 [71] with the CUETHS1

tune [63]. Top quark pair (tt), single top quark, and boson pair production are modelled at

NLO with POWHEG v2 [72] interfaced with PYTHIA. The production of W+jets and Z+jets

(V+jets) is simulated at LO with MADGRAPH5 aMC@NLO interfaced with PYTHIA. The same

underlying-event tunes as used in the signal event samples are used in the background event

samples. A correction [73] is applied to the simulated V+jets events to match the pTdistribution

of the vector bosons computed at LO in QCD to the one predicted at NLO in QCD, and another

correction [74] is used to account for NLO electroweak effects at high pT. The NNPDF 3.1 [75]

next-to-NLO (NNLO) PDFs are employed for simulated V+jets events.

All samples are processed through a GEANT4-based [76] simulation of the CMS detector. To

simulate the effect of pileup collisions, additional inelastic events are generated using PYTHIA

and superimposed on the hard-scattering events. The simulated events are weighted to re-

produce the distribution of the number of reconstructed pileup vertices observed in the 2016,

2017, and 2018 data separately. While the detector components and conditions varied across

the three years of data taking, the detector performance relevant to this analysis, in particular

with regard to the mAK8

jj and mAK8

jet scale and resolution, was very similar [77, 78]. We therefore

combine the simulated event samples corresponding to the three years of data taking, weight-

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EUROPEANORGANIZATIONFORNUCLEARRESEARCH(CERN)CERN-EP-2022-1522023/07/26CMS-B2G-20-009SearchfornewheavyresonancesdecayingtoWW,WZ,ZZ,WH,orZHbosonpairsintheall-jetsfinalstateinproton-protoncollisionsat√s=13TeVTheCMSCollaboration*AbstractAsearchfornewheavyresonancesdecayingtoWW,WZ,ZZ,WH,orZHbosonpairsint...

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Search for new heavy resonances decaying to WW WZ ZZ WH or ZH boson pairs in the all-jets final state in proton-proton collisions at sqrts 13 TeV

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