Crowdsourcing and Sidewalk Data A Preliminary Study on the Trustworthiness of OpenStreetMap Data in the US Kazi Shahrukh Omar1 Gustavo Moreira1 Daniel Hodczak1

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Crowdsourcing and Sidewalk Data:

A Preliminary Study on the Trustworthiness of OpenStreetMap Data in the US

Kazi Shahrukh Omar1, Gustavo Moreira1, Daniel Hodczak1,

Maryam Hosseini2, Fabio Miranda1

1University of Illinois Chicago, 2New York University

Seattle

New York City

Chicago

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

No sidewalk

info

Trustworthiness

Figure 1. Spatial distribution of the average trustworthiness of roads with sidewalk information and sidewalk geometries in Chicago, Seattle

and New York City.

Abstract

Sidewalks play a pivotal role in urban mobility of ev-

eryday life. Ideally, sidewalks provide a safe walkway

for pedestrians, link public transportation facilities, and

equip people with routing and navigation services. How-

ever, there is a scarcity of open sidewalk data, which not

only impacts the accessibility and walkability of cities but

also limits policymakers in generating insightful measures

to improve the current state of pedestrian facilities. As one

of the most famous crowdsourced data repositories, Open-

StreetMap (OSM) could aid the lack of open sidewalk data

to a large extent. However, completeness and quality of

OSM data have long been a major issue. In this paper,

we offer a preliminary study on the availability and trust-

worthiness of OSM sidewalk data. First, we compare OSM

sidewalk data coverage in over 50 major cities in the United

States. Then, we select three major cities (Seattle, Chicago,

and New York City) to further analyze the completeness of

sidewalk data and its features, and to compute a trustwor-

thiness index leveraging historical OSM sidewalk data.

1. Introduction

Sidewalks are arguably the most important pedestrian-

dedicated public spaces. They are the focal point of cities

at the human scale, where the most widely used and en-

vironmentally sustainable form of transportation (walk-

ing/rolling) takes place [1,2]. Sidewalks can signiﬁcantly

impact the everyday life of people, speciﬁcally for those

relying on such infrastructure as the primary means of ac-

cessing public spaces [3–7] and public transit [8]. Well-

designed sidewalks can also support local businesses and

promote economic activities [9,10]. Despite their promi-

nent role in various pedestrian-level analysis, the available

public data on sidewalks is signiﬁcantly scarce and lim-

ited in time and geographical coverage [11]. Ironically,

data collection and monitoring of motorized travel patterns

and infrastructure have been practiced since the 1950s [12],

and the collected data has been extensively used in trans-

portation planning research, while collecting pedestrian-

level data has only recently received some attention [13].

Furthermore, the existing datasets are collected mainly by

resourceful cities, with substantial variation in the extent of

data and attributes, and inconsistent methods from place to

place. Such problems create signiﬁcant barriers to conduct-

ing comparative studies, or data integration, across admin-

istrative borders [13–15]. Majority of the sidewalk invento-

ries still lack important feature such as width, surface ma-

terials, curb ramps, tactile surface indicators, audio signals,

etc., which are essential for speciﬁc mobility needs [15].

This lack of sidewalk data not only affects accessible rout-

ing in cities but also impacts how urban planners and pol-

icymakers could scrutinize mobility issues and the condi-

arXiv:2210.02350v1 [cs.CY] 5 Oct 2022

Sidewalk to roads ratio

Roads with sidewalk info. (%)

Figure 2. Comparing the coverage of sidewalk data in OSM for 54 cities in the US. Left: percentage of roads with sidewalk information.

Right: ratio between sidewalks and roads. The majority of cities have less than 20% of roads with sidewalk information. In addition, only

Seattle and Detroit have a sidewalk to road ratio above 0.4.

tion of sidewalks to make informed decisions [16]. Ongo-

ing projects [4,17–22] propose to standardize and improve

sidewalk data coverage. Even so, researchers primarily rely

on crowdsourced OpenStreetMap (OSM) data, the largest

geospatial open-data initiative, with data covering not only

streets and roads, but also buildings, points of interest, and

other geographic entities [23].

Considering OSM’s importance in sidewalk studies, our

primary goal is to assess the coverage and trustworthiness

of OSM sidewalk data. While previous studies [24,25] have

assessed completeness of sidewalks, we propose to also as-

sess the trustworthiness of the data by analyzing its history

and provenance. Concretely, we compare the sidewalk cov-

erage of OSM in 54 major cities in the United States and

further expand our analysis in three major cities (Seattle,

Chicago and New York City) with the spatial trustworthi-

ness of the data. We then highlight possible research direc-

tions to mitigate some of the identiﬁed problems.

2. Related Work

OSM data has been used in various studies spanning

different ﬁelds, including routing [26,27], location-based

services [28–30], trafﬁc and transportation [31–34], energy

modeling [35,36], population estimation [37,38], 3D city

modeling [39–41], land cover use [42,43], and emergency

response management [44,45]. Ongoing initiatives to im-

prove sidewalk data, including Accessmap [18] and Open-

Sidewalks [17], also utilize data from OSM. However, qual-

ity of OSM data has always been a major concern for both

research and industrial purposes [46–54]. To tackle this

problem, studies have been conducted to evaluate the qual-

ity and completeness of OSM data, focusing on different en-

tities, such as roads [55–57], buildings [49,50], and points

of interest [58]. Properly assessing the quality of OSM

data is a challenge, given that traditional approaches rely

on the availability of ofﬁcial data (though even such data

might have problems, including slow update rate). Alterna-

tive approaches then analyze the evolution of the data itself,

assessing how the number of users editing, conﬁrmations

from different users, number of versions and rollbacks con-

tribute to the quality of OSM data [59–66]. Considering

this, we propose to evaluate the use of trustworthiness as an

index for OSM sidewalk data.

3. Study Area and OpenStreetMap Data

Between 2001 and 2019, the US built-up land - build-

ings, roads, and other infrastructures - increased by more

than 14,000 square miles of new developments [67]. Today,

more than 80% of the US population (around 309 million

people) lives in urban areas [68]. Subsequently, there has

been a growth in the availability of OSM data across the

US, capturing its complex and diverse built environment.

Our study ﬁrst analyzes the availability of OSM sidewalk

Year

Sidewalk to road ratio

Year

Roads with sidewalk info. (%)

Growth of roads with sidewalk info. over the years

Growth of sidewalk geometries over the years

New York City

Chicago

Seattle

New York City

Chicago

Seattle

Figure 3. Growth of OSM sidewalk data in Chicago, Seattle, and

NYC over the years. Top: growth of roads with sidewalk informa-

tion. Bottom: growth of sidewalk / road ratio.

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CrowdsourcingandSidewalkData:APreliminaryStudyontheTrustworthinessofOpenStreetMapDataintheUSKaziShahrukhOmar1,GustavoMoreira1,DanielHodczak1,MaryamHosseini2,FabioMiranda11UniversityofIllinoisChicago,2NewYorkUniversityFigure1.Spatialdistributionoftheaveragetrustworthinessofroadswithsidewalkinformatio...

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Crowdsourcing and Sidewalk Data A Preliminary Study on the Trustworthiness of OpenStreetMap Data in the US Kazi Shahrukh Omar1 Gustavo Moreira1 Daniel Hodczak1

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