Demystifying Quantum Blockchain for Healthcare

2025-04-22 0 0 279.41KB 16 页 10玖币

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Keshav Kaushika,*, Adarsh Kumarb

a,bSchool of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

officialkeshavkaushik@gmail.com, adarsh.kumar@ddn.upes.ac.in

Abstract

The application of blockchain technology can be beneficial in the field of healthcare as well as in the fight against the

COVID-19 epidemic. In this work, the importance of blockchain is analyzed and it is observed that blockchain

technology and the processes associated with it will be utilised in the healthcare systems of the future for data

acquisition from sensors, automatic patient monitoring, and secure data storage. This technology substantially

simplifies the process of carrying out operations because it can store a substantial quantity of data in a dispersed and

secure manner, as well as enable access whenever and wherever it is required to do so. With the assistance of quantum

blockchain, the benefits of quantum computing, such as the capability to acquire thermal imaging based on quantum

computing and the speed with which patients may be located and monitored, can all be exploited to their full potential.

Quantum blockchain is another tool that can be utilised to maintain the confidentiality, authenticity, and accessibility

of data records. The processing of medical records could potentially benefit from greater speed and privacy if it

combines quantum computing and blockchain technology. The authors of this paper investigate the possible benefits

and applications of blockchain and quantum technologies in the field of medicine, pharmacy and healthcare systems.

In this context, this work explored and compared quantum technologies and blockchain-based technologies in

conjunction with other cutting-edge information and communications technologies such as ratification intelligence,

machine learning, drones, and so on.

1. Introduction to Quantum Computing

Quantum computing (QC) is a promising computing approach based on quantum physics and its extraordinary

events. It's a beautiful synthesis of mathematics, physics, computer science, and computational modelling. It achieves

tremendous processing capacity, low energy consumption, and exponential speed above traditional computers by

regulating the behaviour of tiny physical things such as atoms, electrons, photons, and other minuscule particles.

Considering quantum theory is a broader paradigm of science than classical physics, it contributes to a more general

framework of computing, quantum computing, that can address problems that classical computing can't. Unlike regular

computers, which use binary bits 0 and 1 to store and process data individually, QC uses their quantum bits, often

known as 'Qubits.' 'Quantum Computers' are computers that use quantum computing. QC can quickly penetrate today's

encryption techniques, but the most incredible supercomputer presently available takes thousands of years. While

QC will be competent in deciphering several of today's encryption techniques, it is believed that they will build hack-

proof replacements. Transistors, logic gates, and Integrated Circuits cannot be used in such small computers.

Therefore, atoms, protons, electrons, and ions are used as bits and their rotation and state metadata. They may be

layered to make new combinations. Consequently, they may run parallel and efficiently employ memory, increasing

their power. QC is the only computing paradigm that defies the Church-Turing thesis, permitting QC to take advantage

of the available systems several times greater.

The quantum bit or qubit's central element of quantum theory depicts elementary particles such as atoms, electrons,

and other subatomic particles as computer memory while their regulatory systems act as computer processors. It can

have a value of 0, 1, or both simultaneously. It has a million times the processing power of today's most advanced and

powerful. In engineering, producing and managing qubits is a considerable task. The quantum computer's computing

strength comes from its digital and analog nature. Quantum gates have no distortion limit due to their analog nature,

yet their digital nature gives a standard for recovering from this significant flaw. As a result, the logic gates and

representations used in classical computing are useless in quantum computing. Purely classical computing principles

can be used in quantum computing. However, this computation requires a unique way to avoid processing variances

and any form of noise. It also requires its technique for debugging issues and dealing with design flaws.

There are three essential properties [1] of QC – superposition, interference, and entanglement. In quantum

computing, superposition denotes a quantum system's capacity to exist simultaneously in two distinct places or

configurations. It allows incredible parallel processing with high speed and is quite different from its classical

counterparts, with binary restrictions. The QC system stores information in two states at the same time. In QC,

interference is comparable to wave interference in traditional physics. Two waves strike in a single environment,

leading to wave interference. However, suppose the waves are aligned in the same direction. In that case, it generates

standing waves with respective amplitudes added collectively, referred to as constructive interference, or a consequent

wave with their amplitudes wiped out, known as destructive interference. Depending on what type of interference, the

net wave might be larger or less than the original wave. One of the essential aspects of quantum computing is

entanglement. It refers to the close relationship between two quantum particles or qubits. Regardless if they are

separated by huge distances, like at opposing ends of the Universe, qubits are linked in a flawless immediate

relationship. They are intertwined or characterized by one another.

There are numerous quantum computing applications, but some prominent ones [2] are highlighted in figure 1. The

main applications of quantum computing involve – Cybersecurity [3] [4], healthcare [5], artificial intelligence [6],

financial modelling, logistics optimization, and weather forecasting. Because of the growing number of cyber-attacks

that arise along the way all over the world, the internet security [7] [8] environment has become highly susceptible.

Even though businesses are implementing the appropriate security frameworks, the procedure for traditional digital

computers has become intimidating and unworkable. Figure 1 explains about the multiple applications of quantum

computing, some of them are as follows:

• Cybersecurity - Quantum computers on a large scale will considerably increase computational capability,

opening up new possibilities for enhancing cybersecurity. Quantum-period cybersecurity will be able to

identify and block cyberattacks from that era before they do damage. But it could end up being a double-

edged sword since quantum computing might also open up new vulnerabilities, such the capacity to swiftly

solve the challenging mathematical puzzles that form the basis of some types of encryption. Businesses

and other groups may start getting ready now even if post-quantum cryptography guidelines are still being

developed.

• Healthcare - Combining quantum and classical computing in the healthcare industry is anticipated to offer

significant benefits that classical computing alone cannot provide. A new style of understanding, a highly

sought-after set of talents, unique IT architectures, and innovative business strategies are all required for

quantum computing. Additionally, the technology directly affects security. Considering the sector's

obligations and difficulties with regard to data privacy, security is a topic of special concern for the

healthcare industry.

• Artificial Intelligence - AI and quantum computing are both game-changing technologies, and for artificial

intelligence to make substantial strides [9], quantum computing is a must. Artificial intelligence is

constrained by the computing power of conventional computers, while producing useful applications on

them. Artificial intelligence may benefit from a compute boost from quantum computing, allowing it to

handle more challenging issues in a variety of commercial and scientific domains.

• Financial Modelling - Financial firms that can use quantum computing will probably gain a lot from it.

They will be better equipped to assess big or unstructured data collections, in particular. By making offers

that are more timely or relevant, for instance, banks might make better judgments and provide better

customer service. Where algorithms are driven by real-time data streams, such as real-time share prices,

which contain significant random noise, quantum computers are showing promise.

• Logistics Optimization - Numerous benefits from quantum computing may be realised in the logistics

industry. Current CPUs would be complemented by quantum computers, speeding up gadgets using

machine learning and AI. Quantum supercomputers would have a significant impact on route planning in

logistics. Utilizing quantum computing would improve the utilisation of warehouse modeling by

examining all feasible routing choices and selecting the most effective one while accounting for all factors.

• Weather Forecasting - On a local and a larger scale, quantum computing can help weather forecasting for

more sophisticated and precise warning of catastrophic weather occurrences, possibly saving lives and

lowering yearly damage to property. Beyond weather forecasting, keep up with the 1QBit blog and follow

us on social media to learn more about the status of quantum computing and its growing effect on a range

of sectors. By handling enormous amounts of data with numerous variables efficiently and quickly utilising

the computing power of qubits, and applying quantum-inspired optimization algorithms, quantum

computing has the potential to advance conventional numerical methods to enhance tracking and forecasts

of weather conditions.

Fig. 1. Applications of Quantum Computing

Pharmaceutical formulation and construction are the most demanding tasks in QC. Typically, drugs are created

through trial and error, which is pricey, dangerous, and time-consuming. QC, according to studies, might be a

beneficial tool for investigating drugs and their impacts on people, potentially saving drug companies a lot of time and

resources. Machine learning and artificial intelligence are two of the most critical issues today since new technologies

have infiltrated nearly every aspect of human existence. QC can reduce its time to solve complex problems that might

otherwise take years on conventional devices. Since accounting professionals manage vast sums, even a minor change

in the expected return can significantly impact. Another possible use is algorithmic investing, wherein a computer

performs complex procedures to automatically initiate share trades depending on market circumstances, which is

beneficial, especially in high-volume transactions. Quantum annealing is a cutting-edge, efficient algorithm that might

surpass traditional computers. On the other hand, Ubiquitous QC is prepared to address any computing issue but is not

yet commercially accessible.

The paper is arranged into nine major sections, in the first section, the quantum computing is introduced followed

by quantum blockchain in section two. Introduction of Quantum Blockchain in healthcare is discussed in section three,

whereas advanced Quantum-integrated technologies like Quantum Drones, Quantum Satellites, Quantum AI,

Quantum ML is highlighted in section four. Furthermore, Photonic Quantum Computing for Healthcare is added in

section five. Quantum Gates and Circuits for Healthcare are highlighted in section six, and Quantum Algorithms for

Healthcare is discussed in section seven. Quantum Simulation and Healthcare, comparative analysis of quantum

computing-based approaches for healthcare are discussed in section eight and nine respectively. Finally, conclusion

and future directions are discussed in section ten.

2. Introduction to Quantum Blockchain

The blockchain is a decentralized distributed hyperledger that stores and shares copies of all activities or digital

events. The plurality of involved parties confirms each transaction. It holds every single transaction record.

Blockchain- The groundbreaking technology transforming many sectors was mysteriously launched into the market

with its first advanced form, Bitcoin. Bitcoin is a type of cryptocurrency that may be used to replace traditional money

for transacting. Blockchain is the advanced technology that has led to the rise of cryptocurrencies. Quantum

blockchain (QB) is encrypted, distributed, and decentralized based on quantum information theory and QC. The data

will not be altered after being recorded on the QB. As QC and quantum communication theory has advanced in recent

years, more academics have turned their attention to QB exploration. QB Technologies has launched an ambitious

research, development, and investment programme in the fast-paced Blockchain Technology field, including

cryptocurrency mining and other sophisticated blockchain applications. Quantum's research and development will be

focused on cryptography, combining the most sophisticated implementation techniques and functions with quantum

computing technologies and AI deep learning to provide a new and innovative perspective on blockchain technology.

The cryptocurrency business began to increase, with a market capitalization of $90 billion last month. Whatever

happens next, cryptocurrencies will play an increasingly significant role in the world financial sector. The most

challenging aspect of digital cash is ensuring that everybody uses it legitimately. Moreover, it appears that blockchain

technology offers a promising alternative. This ensures honesty by employing cryptographic algorithms commonly

considered impenetrable, barring brute force assaults. In this paper [10], the authors examined recent breakthroughs

in QB and briefly discussed its benefits over the traditional blockchain. The QB's architecture and structure are

discussed. Integrating quantum technology into a specific area of the broader blockchain is then shown.

Furthermore, the benefits of QB over the traditional blockchain are discussed, as well as its future development

potential. This paper [10] demonstrates that time entanglement, rather than spatial entanglement, offers a critical

quantum benefit. All of the system's constituent parts have been experimentally realized. Additionally, our encoding

approach can potentially influence the past in a non-classical way. The paper [11] explores the fundamental problems,

hazards, and benefits of putting these technologies into practice from a future perspective. We wrap up our study with

an overview of the field's significant gaps, methodological issues, and suggestions for future research.

A blockchain is a distributed hyperledger that is cryptographically safeguarded from harmful changes. While

blockchain systems promise a broad array of applications, they rely on digital certificates, which are susceptible to

quantum computer assaults. Although to a lesser degree, the same holds for cryptographic algorithms used to prepare

new blocks, implying that parties having access to quantum processing may have a square edge in obtaining mining

rewards. Researchers [12] present an exploratory implementation of a quantum-safe blockchain platform for cognitive

person identification that leverages quantum key distribution via an urban fibre network as a viable answer to the

quantum era blockchain dilemma. The existing research developments on quantum computing, quantum-safe

computing, or post-quantum cryptography, which are essential to quantum connections, are discussed in this paper

[13], as well as the benefits involved, constraints, future breakthroughs, and research issues related to quantum

technologies, as drones, and their systems. This research also includes constructing a categorization system for

quantum-related disciplines depending on the rationale of their comprehension and study of each of these disciplines.

This chapter [14] surveys the topic of blockchain systems. The existing systems' security is predicated on

computational outcome expectancy, and many mainstream encryption methods are susceptible to the arrival of full-

fledged quantum systems. The authors [15] of this study proposed a unique negotiating process to set the authenticity

of a block and allocate a new block in the blockchain infrastructure. Mediation processes based on an expanded

probability environment are used to achieve block verification and allocation. A unique QB system is suggested in

this study [16] to improve blockchain safety. First, the authors offered a description of QB and discussed its

development. In particular, the benefits are outlined in this paper. Second, we created a new cryptocurrency called

quantum coin based on the quantum no-cloning theorem. Furthermore, we build a unique QB method using quantum

entanglement and DPoS.

A brief overview of quantum cryptography and the blockchain system is provided in the paper [17]. The foundation

and inspiration for fast and secure online communications network-based methods are discussed. The concept is

briefly described to develop a network-based data exchange application using QB technology. QB technology's

primary purpose in transmitting data is to create long-term fast, stable network connectivity.

3. Importance of Quantum Blockchain for Healthcare

Insurance companies and digitally recorded healthcare datasets can assist society in reducing the healthcare

ecosystem's high degree of complexity and cost. The general data protection legislation gives data owners the right to

know how their data is maintained and used. Nevertheless, healthcare data is transmitted over an open channel, namely

the Internet, allowing hackers to carry out nefarious actions such as breaching sensitive data, altering stored data, etc.

As a result, maintaining the security and anonymity of participants is a problematic issue for traditional medical

systems [18]. Blockchain has evolved as a platform that enhances today's healthcare system's efficiency while ensuring

all parties' privacy and security. The authors [19] examine several security architectures used to safeguard health

records and implement QC to the typical encryption system in this article, which is inspired by these findings. Then,

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DemystifyingQuantumBlockchainforHealthcareKeshavKaushika,*,AdarshKumarba,bSchoolofComputerScience,UniversityofPetroleumandEnergyStudies,Dehradun,Uttarakhand,Indiaofficialkeshavkaushik@gmail.com,adarsh.kumar@ddn.upes.ac.inAbstractTheapplicationofblockchaintechnologycanbebeneficialinthefieldofhealthca...

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Demystifying Quantum Blockchain for Healthcare

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