2011年12月大学英语六级真题

2025-04-11 3 0 112KB 14 页 5.8玖币
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2011 年 12 月大学英语六级真题及答案解析
Part I Writing (30 minutes)
Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledTheWayto
SuccessbycommentingonAbrahamLincoln'sfamousremark,"Givemesixhoursto
chopdownatree,andIwillspend,thefirstfoursharpeningtheaxe."Youshould
writeatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.
TheWaytoSuccess
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 1上作答。
Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)
(15 minutes)
Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswer
thequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthe
fourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswith
theinformationgiveninthepassage.
Google'sPlanforWorld'sBiggestOnlineLibrary:PhilanthropyOrActofPiracy?
Inrecentyears,teamsofworkersdispatchedbyGooglehavebeenworkinghardto
makedigitalcopiesofbooks.Sofar,Googlehasscannedmorethan10milliontitlesfromlibraries
inAmericaandEurope-includinghalfamillionvolumesheldbytheBodleianinOxford.The
exactmethoditusesisunclear;thecompanydoesnotallowoutsiderstoobservetheprocess.
WhyisGoogleundertakingsuchaventure?Whyisiteveninterestedinallthoseout-of-
printlibrarybooks,mostofwhichhavebeengatheringdustonforgottenshelvesfordecades?
Thecompanyclaimsitsmotivesareessentiallypublic-spirited.Itsoverallmission,afterall,isto
"organisetheworld'sinformation",soitwouldbeoddifthatinformationdidnotincludebooks.
Thecompanylikestopresentitselfashavingloftyaspirations."Thisreallyisn'taboutmaking
money.Wearedoingthisforthegoodofsociety."AsSantiagodelaMora,headofGoogleBooksfor
Europe,putsit:"Bymakingitpossibletosearchthemillionsofbooksthatexisttoday,wehopeto
expandthefrontiersofhumanknowledge."
DanClancy,thechiefarchitectofGoogleBooks,doesseemgenuineinhisconvictionthatthisis
primarilyaphilanthropic(慈善的)exercise."Google'scorebusinessissearchandfind,soobviously
whathelpsimproveGoogle'ssearchengineisgoodforGoogle,"hesays."Butwehaveneverbuilt
aspreadsheet(电子数据表)outliningthefinancialbenefitsofthis,andIhaveneverhadtojustify
theamountIamspendingtothecompany'sfounders."
Itiseasy,talkingtoClancyandhiscolleagues,tobesweptalongbytheirmissionarypassion.But
Google'sbook-scanningprojectisprovingcontroversial.Severalopponentshaverecentlyemerged,
rangingfromrivaltechgiantssuchasMicrosoftandAmazontosmallbodiesrepresentingauthorsand
publishersacrosstheworld.Inbroadterms,theseopponentshavelevelledtwosetsofcriticismsat
Google.
First,theyhavequestionedwhethertheprimaryresponsibilityfordigitallyarchivingthe
world'sbooksshouldbeallowedtofalltoacommercialcompany.InarecentessayintheNewYork
ReviewofBooks,RobertDarnton,theheadofHarvardUniversity'slibrary,arguedthatbecausesuch
booksareacommonresource–thepossessionofusall–onlypublic,not-for-profitbodiesshouldbe
giventhepowertocontrolthem.
ThesecondrelatedcriticismisthatGoogle'sscanningofbooksisactuallyillegal.Thisallegation
hasledtoGooglebecomingmiredin(陷入)alegalbattlewhosescopeandcomplexitymakesthe
JarndyceandJarndycecaseinCharlesDickens'BleakHouselookstraightforward.
Atitscentre,however,isonesimpleissue:thatofcopyright.Theinconvenientfactabout
mostbooks,towhichGooglehasarguablypaidinsufficientattention,isthattheyareprotected
bycopyright.Copyrightlawsdifferfromcountrytocountry,butingeneralprotectionextendsfor
thedurationofanauthor'slifeandforasubstantialperiodafterwards,thusallowingtheauthor'sheirs
tobenefit.(InBritainandAmerica,thispost-deathperiodis70years.)Thismeans,ofcourse,
thatalmostallofthebookspublishedinthe20thcenturyarestillundercopyright–andthelast
centurysawmorebookspublishedthaninallpreviouscenturiescombined.Oftheroughly40
millionbooksinUSlibraries,forexample,anestimated32millionareincopyright.Ofthese,some
27millionareoutofprint.
OutsidetheUS,Googlehasmadesureonlytoscanbooksthatareoutofcopyrightandthusinthe
"publicdomain"(workssuchastheBodleian'sfirsteditionofMiddlemarch,whichanyonecanreadfor
freeonGoogleBooksSearch).
But,withintheUS,thecompanyhasscannedbothin-copyrightandout-of-copyrightworks.Inits
defence,Googlepointsoutthatitdisplaysonlysmallsegmentsofbooksthatarein
copyright–arguingthatsuchdisplaysare"fairuse".Butcriticsallegethatbymaking
electroniccopiesofthesebookswithoutfirstseekingthepermissionofcopyrightholders,Google
hascommittedpiracy.
"Thekeyprincipleofcopyrightlawhasalwaysbeenthatworkscanbecopiedonly
onceauthorshaveexpresslygiventheirpermission,"saysPiersBlofeld,oftheSheilLandliterary
agencyinLondon."Googlehasreversedthis–ithassimplycopiedalltheseworkswithoutbothering
toask."
In2005,theAuthorsGuildofAmerica,togetherwithagroupofUSpublishers,launcheda
classactionsuit(集团诉讼)againstGooglethat,aftermorethantwoyearsofnegotiation,endedwith
anannouncementlastOctoberthatGoogleandtheclaimantshadreachedanout-of-court
settlement.Thefulldetailsarecomplicated-thetextalonerunsto385pages–andtryingtosum
ariseitisnoeasytask."Partoftheproblemisthatitisbasicallyincomprehensible,"saysBlofeld,
oneofthesettlement'smostvocalBritishcritics.
Broadly,thedealprovidesamechanismforGoogletocompensateauthorsand
publisherswhoserightsithasbreached(includinggivingthemashareofanyfuturerevenueit
generatesfromtheirworks).Inexchangeforthis,therightsholdersagreenottosueGoogleinfuture.
ThissettlementhandsGooglethepower-butonlywiththeagreementofindividualrights
holders–toexploititsdatabaseofout-of-printbooks.Itcanincludetheminsubscriptiondealssold
tolibrariesorsellthemindividuallyunderaconsumerlicence.Itisthesecommercialprovisionsthat
areprovingthesettlement'smostcontroversialaspect.
Criticspointoutthat,bygivingGoogletherighttocommerciallyexploititsdatabase,the
settlementpavesthewayforasubtleshiftinthecompany'srolefromproviderofinformationto
seller."Google'sbusinessmodelhasalwaysbeentoprovideinformationforfree,andselladvertising
onthebasisofthetrafficthisgenerates,"pointsoutJamesGrimmelmann,associateprofessoratNew
YorkLawSchool.Now,hesays,becauseofthesettlement'sprovisions,Googlecouldbecomea
significantforceinbookselling.
Interestinthisaspectofthesettlementhasfocusedon"orphan"works,wherethereis
noknowncopyrightholder–thesemakeupanestimated5-10%ofthebooksGooglehas
scanned.Underthesettlement,whennorightsholderscomeforwardandregistertheirinterestina
work,commercialcontrolautomaticallyrevertstoGoogle.Googlewillbeabletodisplayupto20%
oforphanworksforfree,includetheminitssubscriptiondealstolibrariesandsellthemto
individualbuyersundertheconsumerlicence.
Itisbynomeanscertainthatthesettlementwillbeenacted(执行)–itisthesubjectofa
fairnesshearingintheUScourts.Butifitisenacted,Googlewillineffectbeoffthehookasfar
ascopyrightviolationsintheUSareconcerned.Manypeopleareseriouslyconcernedbythis-and
thecompanyislikelytofacechallengesinothercourtsaroundtheworld.
NooneknowsthepreciseuseGooglewillmakeoftheintellectualpropertyithasgainedby
scanningtheworld'slibrarybooks,andthetruth,asGleick,anAmericansciencewriterandmemberof
theAuthorsGuild,pointsout,isthatthecompanyprobablydoesn'tevenknowitself.Butwhatis
certainisthat,insomewayorother,Google'sentranceintodigitalbooksellingwillhaveasignificant
impactonthebookworldintheyearstocome.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 1上作答。
1.Googleclaimsitsplanfortheworld'sbiggestonlinelibraryis_____.
A)toservetheinterestofthegeneralpublic
B)toencouragereadingaroundtheworld
C)tosaveout-of-printbooksinlibraries
D)topromoteitscorebusinessofsearching
2.AccordingtoSantiagodelaMora,Google'sbook-scanningprojectwill_____.
A)broadenhumanity'sintellectualhorizons
B)helpthebroadmassesofreaders
C)revolutionisetheentirebookindustry
D)makefulluseofthepowerofitssearchengine
3.OpponentsofGoogleBooksbelievethatdigitallyarchivingtheworld'sbooksshouldbe
controlledby_____.
A)non-profitorganisationsC)multinationalcompanies
B)theworld'sleadinglibrariesD)theworld'stechgiants
4.Googlehasinvolveditselfinalegalbattleasitignored_____.
A)thecopyrightofauthorsofout-of-printbooks
B)thecopyrightofthebooksitscanned
摘要：

2011年12月大学英语六级真题及答案解析PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Way to Success by commenting on Abraham Lincoln's famous remark, "Give me six hours to chop down a tree, and I will spend, the first four sharpening the axe." You sho...

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