英语语法傻瓜书

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English

Grammar

Far

dummies®

Parts

Speech

Noun:

names a person,

place,

thing,

idea

(Lulu,

jail,

cantaloupe,

loyalty,

and so on)

Pronoun:

takes the place of a

noun

(he, who,

what,

and so on)

Verb:

expresses

action or being (scrambled, was, should

win,

and so on)

Adjective:

describes

noun

pronoun

(messy,

strange, alien, and so on)

Adverb:

describes

a verb, adjective, or

other

adverb

(willingly,

woefully,

very,

and so on)

Preposition:

relates a

noun

or a

pronoun

to another

word

in the sentence

(by,

for,

from,

and so on)

Conjunction:

ties two words or groups of words

together

(and,

after,

although,

and so on)

Interjection:

expresses

strong

emotion

(yikesi

wow! ouch! and so on)

Parts

Sentence

Verb

(also

called

the

predicate):

expresses

the action or state of being

Subject:

the person or

thing

being

talked

about

Complement:

word

group

of words

that

completes the meaning of the subject-verb pair

Types

complements:

direct and

indirect

objects, subject complement, objective complement

Pronouns

Tips

Pronouns

that

may be used only as subjects or subject complements:

he,

she,

we, they, who,

whoever.

Pronouns

that

may be used only as objects or objective complements: me, him, her,

us,

them, whom,

whomever.

Common pronouns

that

may be used as

either

subjects or objects: you, it, everyone, anyone, no one,

someone,

mine,

ours,

yours,

theirs,

either,

neither,

each,

everybody, anybody, nobody, somebody,

everything, anything,

nothing,

something, any, none,

some,

which,

what,

that.

Pronouns

that

show

possession:

my, mine, your, yours, his, her,

hers,

its, our,

ours,

their,

theirs, whose.

For

Dummies:

Bestsellinq

Book

Series

for

Beginners

English

Grammar

Far

ùummtes®

Subject-Verb

Agreement

Tips

Match singular

subjects

with

singular

verbs,

plural

subjects

with

plural

verbs.

Amounts of

time

and money are usually singular (ten dollars is).

Either/or

and

neither/nor:

Match the

verb

the

closest

subject (neither the

boys

nor

the

girl

is).

Either

and

neither,

without

their

partners

orand

nor,

always take a singular verb (either

the

apples

is).

All

subjects

preceded by

each

and

everytake

a singular verb.

Both, few,

several,

many are always plural.

Punctuation

Tips

Endmarks:

All

sentences

need an

endmark:

a period, question mark, exclamation

point,

ellipsis.

Never

put

two endmarks

the end of the

same

sentence.

Apostrophes:

For singular ownership generally add

s;for

plural ownership generally add s'.

Commas:

In direct

address

use

commas

to separate the

name

from

the

rest

the

sentence.

lists

place

commas

between items in a list, but not before the

first

item. Before conjunctions,

when combining two complete

sentences

with

a conjunction, place a comma before the

con-

junction.

you have one subject and two

verbs,

don't

put

comma before the conjunction.

-!£

Verb

Tense

Tips

Simple

present

tense:

tells

what

is happening now

Simple

past

tense:

tells

what

happened before now

Simple

future:

talks about

what

has

not happened yet

Present

perfect

tense:

expresses

an action or state of being in the present

that

has

some

connection

with

the past

Past

perfect

tense:

places

an event before another event

the past

Future

perfect

tense:

talks about something

that

has

not happened yet in

relation

to another

event

the

future

% E

-a

Hungry

Minds,

Inc.

All rights

reserved.

Cheat

Sheet

$2.95

value.

Item

5322-4.

Hungry

Minds'"

por

information

about Hungry Minds,

call

1-800-762-2974.

For

Dummies:

Bestsetting

Book

Series

for

Beginners

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— Walter

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on For

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Already, millions of

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helping hand.

Wiley

Publishing, Inc.

5/09

English

Grammar

FOR

Géraldine

Woods

Wiley

Publishing,

Inc.

English Grammar For

Dummies®

Published

Wiley

Publishing,

Inc.

909 Third Avenue

New York, NY

10022

www.wi1ey.com

2001

by Wiley

Publishing,

Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published

simultaneously in Canada

part

of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as

permitted

under Sections

107

or 108

the

1976

United States Copyright Act,

without

either the prior

written

permission of the Publisher, or authorization

through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center,

222

Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA

01923,

978-750-8400,

fax

978-646-8700.

Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the

Legal

Department, Wiley

Publishing,

Inc.,

10475

Crosspoint

Blvd.,

Indianapolis, IN

46256,

317-572-3447,

fax

317-572-4447,

e-mail permcoordi nator@wi

com

Trademarks:

Wiley, the Wiley Publishing

logo,

For Dummies, the Dummies Man

logo,

Reference for the Rest of

Us!,

The

Dummies Way, Dummies

Daily,

The Fun and

Easy

way,

Dummies.com and related trade dress are trademarks or registered

trademarks of Wiley

Publishing,

Inc., in the United States and other countries, and may not be used

without

written

per-

mission.

All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley

Publishing,

Inc., is not associated

with

any

product or vendor mentioned in this book.

LIMIT

LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER

WARRANTY:

WHILE

THE

PUBLISHER

AND AUTHOR

HAVE

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BEST

EFFORTS

PREPARING

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THEY

MAKE

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THE

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YOU SHOULD CONSULT

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Library of Congress

Cataloging-in-Publication

Data:

Library

of Congress Control

Number:

2001089309

ISBN:

0-7645-5322-4

Manufactured in the United States of America

9 8 7 6

1B/RT/QT/QT/IN

About

the

Author

Géraldine

Woods'

career as a grammarian began in her elementary school,

which

those

days was called "grammar

school"

for very good reason.

With

the guidance of a

series

of nuns carrying long rulers (good for pointing at the

board and slapping unruly students), she learned how to diagram every

conceivable

type

of sentence. She has

been

English

teacher

for

years

and has

written

books,

give

take

few.

She loves minor-league baseball,

Chinese food, and the novels of Jane

Austen.

The

mother

of a grown son

(Tom,

lawyer),

she

lives

in New York City

with

Harry (her husband of

years)

and parakeets Alice and Archie.

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摘要：

EnglishGrammarFardummies®O*A^&PartsofSpeechi^Noun:namesaperson,place,thing,idea(Lulu,jail,cantaloupe,loyalty,andsoon)WPronoun:takestheplaceofanoun(he,who,I,what,andsoon)u*Verb:expressesactionorbeing(scrambled,was,shouldwin,andsoon)v*Adjective:describesanounorpronoun(messy,strange,alien,andsoon)A>Adv...

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