Hippocrates - On Airs Waters And Places

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Air, Waters, and PlacesHippocratesby Francis Adams——————————————

————————————————————-1wishes to investigate medicine

properly, should proceed thus:the first place to consider the seasons of the year, and what

effectsof them produces for they are not at all alike, but differ muchthemselves in regard

to their changes. Then the winds, the hotthe cold, especially such as are common to all

countries, andsuch as are peculiar to each locality. We must also considerqualities of the

waters, for as they differ from one another inand weight, so also do they differ much in

their qualities.the same manner, when one comes into a city to which he is a

stranger,ought to consider its situation, how it lies as to the winds andrising of the sun; for

its influence is not the same whether itto the north or the south, to the rising or to the

setting sun.things one ought to consider most attentively, and concerningwaters which the

inhabitants use, whether they be marshy and soft,hard, and running from elevated and

rocky situations, and thensaltish and unfit for cooking; and the ground, whether it be

nakeddeficient in water, or wooded and well watered, and whether itin a hollow, confined

situation, or is elevated and cold; andmode in which the inhabitants live, and what are their

pursuits,they are fond of drinking and eating to excess, and givenindolence, or are fond of

exercise and labor, and not given toin eating and drinking. ————————————

——————————————————————-2these things he must proceed to

investigate everything else.if one knows all these things well, or at least the greater

partthem, he cannot miss knowing, when he comes into a strange city,the diseases peculiar

to the place, or the particular naturecommon diseases, so that he will not be in doubt as to

the treatmentthe diseases, or commit mistakes, as is likely to be the case providedhad not

previously considered these matters. And in particular,the season and the year advances,

he can tell what epidemic diseasesattack the city, either in summer or in winter, and what

eachwill be in danger of experiencing from the change of regimen.knowing the changes of

the seasons, the risings and settings ofstars, how each of them takes place, he will be able

to know beforehandsort of a year is going to ensue. Having made these

investigations,knowing beforehand the seasons, such a one must be acquaintedeach

particular, and must succeed in the preservation of health,be by no means unsuccessful in

the practice of his art. And ifshall be thought that these things belong rather to

meteorology,will be admitted, on second thoughts, that astronomy contributesa little, but a

very great deal, indeed, to medicine. For withseasons the digestive organs of men undergo

a change.————————————————————————————————

——-3how of the aforementioned things should be investigated and explained,will now

declare in a clear manner. A city that is exposed to hot(these are between the wintry rising,

and the wintry settingthe sun), and to which these are peculiar, but which is shelteredthe

north winds; in such a city the waters will be plenteoussaltish, and as they run from an

elevated source, they are necessarilyin summer, and cold in winter; the heads of the

inhabitants area humid and pituitous constitution, and their bellies subject todisorders,

owing to the phlegm running down from the head;forms of their bodies, for the most part,

are rather flabby; theynot eat nor drink much; drinking wine in particular, and more

especiallycarried to intoxication, is oppressive to them; and the followingare peculiar to

the district: in the first place, the womensickly and subject to excessive menstruation; then

many are unfruitfuldisease, and not from nature, and they have frequent miscarriages;are

subject to attacks of convulsions and asthma, which theyto be connected with infancy, and

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hold to be a sacred disease(epilepsy). The men are subject to attacks of dysentery,

diarrhea,, chronic fevers in winter, of epinyctis, frequently, andhemorrhoids about the

anus. Pleurisies, peripneumonies, ardent, and whatever diseases are reckoned acute, do

not often occur,such diseases are not apt to prevail where the bowels are loose.occur of a

humid character, but not of a serious nature,of short duration, unless they attack

epidemically from the changethe seasons. And when they pass their fiftieth year,

defluxionsfrom the brain, render them paralytic when exposed suddentlystrokes of the sun,

or to cold. These diseases are endemic to them,, moreover, if any epidemic disease

connected with the change ofseasons, prevail, they are also liable to it. ———————

———————————————————————————-4the following is the

condition of cities which have the opposite, namely, to cold winds, between the summer

settings and therisings of the sun, and to which these winds are peculiar,which are

sheltered from the south and the hot breezes. In theplace the waters are, for the most part,

hard cold. The mennecessarily be well braced and slender, and they must have

thedownwards of the alimentary canal hard, and of difficult, while those upwards are more

fluid, and rather biliouspituitous. Their heads are sound and hard, and they are

liableburstings (of vessels?) for the most part. The diseases which prevailwith them, are

pleurisies, and those which are calleddiseases. This must be the case when the bowels are

bound; andany causes, many become affected with suppurations in the lungs,cause of

which is the tension of the body, and hardness of the; for their dryness and the coldness of

the water dispose themruptures (of vessels?). Such constitutions must be given to

excesseating, but not of drinking; for it is not possible to be gourmandsdrunkards at the

same time. Ophthalmies, too, at length supervene;being of a hard and violent nature, and

soon ending in rupturethe eyes; persons under thirty years of age are liable to severeat the

nose in summer; attacks of epilepsy are rare but. Such people are likely to be rather long-

lived; their ulcersnot attended with serious discharges, nor of a malignant

character;disposition they are rather ferocious than gentle. The diseaseshave mentioned

are peculiar to the men, and besides they are liableany common complaint which may be

prevailing from the changes ofseasons. But the women, in the first place, are of a hard

constitution,the waters being hard, indigestible, and cold; and their menstrualare not

regular, but in small quantity, and painful. Thenhave difficult parturition, but are not very

subject to abortions.when they do bring forth children, they are unable to nurse them;the

hardness and indigestable nature of the water puts away their. Phthisis frequently

supervenes after childbirth, for the effortsit frequently bring on ruptures and strains.

Children while stillare subject to dropsies in the testicle, which disappear asgrow older; in

such a town they are late in attaining manhood.is, as I have now stated, with regard to hot

and cold winds andthus exposed. ——————————————————————

————————————-5that are exposed to winds between the summer and the

winterof the sun, and those the opposite to them, have the following:- Those which lie to

the rising of the sun are all likelybe more healthy than such as are turned to the North, or

thoseto the hot winds, even if there should not be a furlong between. In the first place,

both the heat and cold are more moderate.such waters as flow to the rising sun, must

necessarily be clear,, soft, and delightful to drink, in such a city. For the sunrising and

shining upon them purifies them, by dispelling the vaporsgenerally prevail in the morning.

The persons of the inhabitants, for the most part, well colored and blooming, unless some

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disease. The inhabitants have clear voices, and in temper and intellectsuperior to those

which are exposed to the north, and all theof the country in like manner are better. A city

so situatedthe spring as to moderation between heat and cold, and theare few in number,

and of a feeble kind, and bear a resemblancethe diseases which prevail in regions exposed

to hot winds. Thethere are very prolific, and have easy deliveries. Thus it isregard to them.

——————————————————————————————————-

6such cities as lie to the west, and which are sheltered from windsfrom the east, and which

the hot winds and the cold windsthe north scarcely touch, must necessarily be in a very

unhealthy: in the first place the waters are not clear, the causewhich is, because the mist

prevails commonly in the morning, andis mixed up with the water and destroys its

clearness, for thedoes not shine upon the water until he be considerably raisedthe horizon.

And in summer, cold breezes from the east blowdews fall; and in the latter part of the day

the setting sun particularlythe inhabitants, and therefore they are pale and enfeebled,are

partly subject to all the aforesaid diseases, but no one isto them. Their voices are rough

and hoarse owing to the statethe air, which in such a situation is generally impure and

unwholesome,they have not the northern winds to purify it; and these windshave are of a

very humid character, such being the nature ofevening breezes. Such a situation of a city

bears a great resemblanceautumn as regards the changes of the day, inasmuch as the

differencemorning and evening is great. So it is with regard to thethat are conducive to

health, or the contrary. ——————————————————————————

————————-7I wish to give an account of the other kinds of waters, namely,such

as are wholesome and such as are unwholesome, and what badwhat good effects may be

derived from water; for water contributestowards health. Such waters then as are marshy,

stagnant, andto lakes, are necessarily hot in summer, thick, and have asmell, since they

have no current; but being constantly suppliedrain-water, and the sun heating them, they

necessarily want theircolor, are unwholesome and form bile; in winter, they become, cold,

and muddy with the snow and ice, so that they areapt to engender phlegm, and bring on

hoarseness; those who drinkhave large and obstructed spleens, their bellies are hard,

emaciated,hot; and their shoulders, collar-bones, and faces are emaciated;their flesh is

melted down and taken up by the spleen, and henceare slender; such persons then are

voracious and thirsty; theirare very dry both above and below, so that they require

themedicines. This disease is habitual to them both in summerin winter, and in addition

they are very subject to dropsies ofmost fatal character; and in summer dysenteries,

diarrheas, andquartan fevers frequently seize them, and these diseasesprolonged dispose

such constitutions to dropsies, and thus prove. These are the diseases which attack them in

summer; but inyounger persons are liable to pneumonia, and maniacal affections;older

persons to ardent fevers, from hardness of the belly. Womensubject to oedema and

leucophlegmasiae; when pregnant they havedeliveries; their infants are large and swelled,

and thennursing they become wasted and sickly, and the lochial dischargeparturition does

not proceed properly with the women. The childrenparticularly subject to hernia, and

adults to varices and ulcerstheir legs, so that persons with such constitutions cannot be

long-lived,before the usual period they fall into a state of premature old. And further, the

women appear to be with child, and when theof parturition arrives, the fulness of the belly

disappears,this happens from dropsy of the uterus. Such waters then I reckonfor every

purpose. The next to them in badness are those whichtheir fountains in rocks, so that they

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AUniversalDownloadEditionWWW.UDownloadBooks.Com1Air,Waters,andPlacesHippocratesbyFrancisAdams———————————27———227————227——27—227—227—27—27—27-1wishestoinvestigatemedicineproperly,shouldproceedthus:thefirstplacetoconsidertheseasonsoftheyear,andwhateffectsofthemproducesfortheyarenotatallalike,butd...

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