Design and development of the ALICE common readout unit user logic rmware for the Muon Identier readout chain

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Design and development of the ALICE common

readout unit user logic ﬁrmware for the Muon

Identiﬁer readout chain

D O Thys-dingou1A Raji1, E Z Buthelezi2,3and S V F¨ortsch2

1Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Cape Peninsula University

of Technology, Bellville South Industrial, Cape Town, 7530, South Africa

2Department of SSC lab, iThemba LABS, Faure, Cape Town, 7100, South Africa

3School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa

E-mail: dieuveil.orcel.thys-dingou@cern.ch

Abstract. A Large Ion Collider Experiment (ALICE) at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at

CERN went through a major upgrade in which some of its subdetectors were replaced with new

ones, while others are equipped with new electronics. The aim of the upgrade is to withstand

higher collision rates during the third running period (Run 3), which started in 2022. As part of

the upgrade, certain subdetectors such as the Muon Trigger, renamed to Muon Identiﬁer, now

operate in a continuous, triggerless readout mode, in addition to the previous triggered readout

mode. Due to the increased quantity of data, typical methodologies are impossible to employ

without massive eﬀorts to expand the processing capacity. Since the new ALICE computing

system cannot keep up with the increased data ﬂow of the Muon Identiﬁer, a new processing

algorithm has been established. These proceedings provide a insight to the new approach of

processing the Muon Identiﬁer readout data based on a customized user logic FPGA ﬁrmware.

1. Introduction

ALICE [1] is one of the four main experiments at the LHC. It is designed to study the strongly

interacting matter, namely the quark–gluon plasma (QGP) and its properties. In order to un-

ravel the enigma of the universe, the ALICE detector records data during lead–lead (Pb–Pb),

proton–lead (p–Pb), and proton–proton (pp) collisions. Based on data collected during Runs 1

and 2, ALICE is the leading heavy-ion experiment in the world and is quickly expanding the

knowledge gathered in previous experiments all over the world. The LHC completed the three-

year planned second Long Shutdown, which started at the end of 2018 to prepare for Run 3.

In line with the LHC upgrade, the ALICE detector had a major upgrade [2]. This upgrade ad-

dresses the challenge of reading out Pb-Pb collisions at a rate of 50 kHz, pp, and p-Pb collisions

at 200 kHz and higher. At the center of the ALICE upgrade strategy, is a high-speed readout

approach based on a Common Readout Unit (CRU), which has been developed for detector data

readout, reconstruction, multiplexing, and data decoding on the Online-Oﬄine (O²) computing

system.

Many of the proposed physics observables require a change in the data-taking strategy, moving

away from triggering a small subset of events to continuous online processing and recording of

arXiv:2210.15278v1 [physics.ins-det] 27 Oct 2022

all events. To achieve these goals, ALICE has been upgraded in such a way that all interactions

will be scrutinized with online precision. The upgrade entailed the replacement of some subde-

tectors with new ones, making use of new technologies, while others are now equipped with new

front-end and readout electronic systems [3]. Thus far, the selection of single muon and dimuon

events with a maximum trigger rate of 1 kHz, limited by readout capabilities, was provided by

the Muon Trigger (MTR), as well as muon identiﬁcation. However, the upgrade strategy de-

scribed in the Letter of Intent (LoI)[2] does not require a muon trigger since all events of interest

are now read out upon the interaction trigger before online selections. For this reason, as part

of the upgrade, the new Muon IDentiﬁer (MID) subdetector plays the role of muon identiﬁer.

2. Muon IDentiﬁer

The MID [4] is based on 72 single-gap Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors, arranged in 2

stations of 2 chambers, each at a distance of about 16 m and 17 m from the interaction point,

respectively. Its readout chain block diagram is shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 1. A schematic description of the MID readout chain architecture for LHC Run 3.

The MID readout chain consists of about 21,000 strips connected to the 72 RPC detectors

spread over multiple Front-End Electronic Rapid Integrated Circuit (FEERIC) cards equipped

with one or two customized Application-Speciﬁc Integrated Circuits (ASICs). The strip signals

from the FEERICs are propagated to the readout electronics using high-speed Low-voltage

Diﬀerential Signaling (LVDS) channels. The readout electronics (local and regional cards) act

as interface between the on and oﬀ-detector electronics. They are mounted inside the cavern a

little further away from the detector stations, where the radiation is lower. Since the colliding

beams will produce a large amount of radiation in the area around the ALICE detector in

the cavern, the regional cards are equipped with a radiation hardening Gigabit Transceiver set

of chips (GBTx and GBT-SCA) [5, 6] used to facilitate the bidirectional connections between

the readout electronics and CRUs through optical links, namely, GBT links. The CRUs are

the key components of the chain. They combine and multiplex data from multiple readout

electronic cards as well as timing and trigger information generated from the Central Trigger

Processor (CTP) via the Local Trigger Unit (LTU) before transmitting the data to the O²

computing facility for processing and storage. The CRUs are mounted on computers housed in

the intermediary computer room, called the counting room, tens of meters above the ALICE

cavern and thus do not require to be protected from the radiation, as is the case for the readout

electronics. These computers can be reached over the network from the main Detector Control

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DesignanddevelopmentoftheALICEcommonreadoutunituserlogicrmwarefortheMuonIdentierreadoutchainDOThys-dingou1ARaji1,EZButhelezi2;3andSVFortsch21DepartmentofElectrical,ElectronicandComputerEngineering,CapePeninsulaUniversityofTechnology,BellvilleSouthIndustrial,CapeTown,7530,SouthAfrica2DepartmentofS...

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Design and development of the ALICE common readout unit user logic rmware for the Muon Identier readout chain

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