High average gradient in a laser-gated multistage plasma wakeeld accelerator A. Knetsch1I.A. Andriyash1M. Gilljohann1O. Kononenko1A. Matheron1 Y. Mankovska1P. San Miguel Claveria1V. Zakharova1E. Adli2and S. Corde1

2025-05-06 2 0 952.82KB 5 页 10玖币

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High average gradient in a laser-gated multistage plasma wakeﬁeld accelerator

A. Knetsch,1, ∗I.A. Andriyash,1M. Gilljohann,1O. Kononenko,1A. Matheron,1

Y. Mankovska,1P. San Miguel Claveria,1V. Zakharova,1E. Adli,2and S. Corde1

1LOA, ENSTA Paris, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91762 Palaiseau, France

2Department of physics, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway

(Dated: October 6, 2022)

Plasma wakeﬁeld accelerators driven by particle beams are capable of providing accelerating

gradient several orders of magnitude higher than currently used radio-frequency technology, which

could reduce the length of particle accelerators, with drastic inﬂuence on the development of future

colliders at TeV energies and the minimization of x-ray free-electron lasers. Since inter-plasma

components and distances are among the biggest contributors to the total accelerator length, the

design of staged plasma accelerators is one of the most important outstanding questions in order

to render this technology instrumental. Here, we present a novel concept to optimize inter-plasma

distances in a staged beam-driven plasma accelerator by drive-beam coupling in the temporal domain

and gating the accelerator via a femtosecond ionization laser.

Electron particle accelerators regularly demonstrate

great utility to a variety of scientiﬁc disciplines, such as in

the form of x-ray free electron lasers for photon science

and their applications or colliders for particle physics.

Limited by the accelerating ﬁeld of state-of-the-art ac-

celerator modules, free-electron lasers driven by linear

accelerators (linacs) already span several kilometers in

length. To meet the requirements of future electron-

positron colliders, the conventional linac-based machines

with center-of-mass energies beyond 250 GeV and to sev-

eral TeV, will reach tens of kilometers in length.

Here, plasma wakeﬁeld accelerators (PWFAs) oﬀer a

promising alternative to the trend of ever-increasing par-

ticle accelerator sizes and towards compact X-ray-free

electron lasers. Dense beams of relativistic charged parti-

cles can excite plasma wakes with accelerating gradients

of 10-100 GV/m [1], in which a trailing electron beam

can gain energy on much shorter distances. With such

high ﬁelds inside the plasma accelerator, the resulting

length of a linac becomes deﬁned not as much by the

size of the accelerator stage anymore, but rather by the

general conﬁguration of the machine. Therefore, a better

ﬁgure of merit is the average accelerating gradient Eavg,

which is the ratio between the mean energy gained by

a particle beam and the total length of the accelerator.

For example, for the future international linear collider

(ILC) based on conventional linac technology, this value

estimates as EILC

avg = 31.5 MVm−1for the overall length

of 30-50 km [2]. There is not a consensus yet, how large

Eavg would be in the case of a PWFA collider facility, but

the value should be close to 1 GV/m to be competitive.

In PWFAs, the energy from a drive beam is transferred

to a trailing beam, such that an auxiliary accelerator as

a source of the driver is required. If the trailing beam

and drive beams are pre-accelerated to arrive at simi-

lar energies at a PWFA stage the trailing-beam energy

can be doubled in a single plasma stage, such as demon-

∗alexander.knetsch@polytechnique.edu

strated in the seminal work by Blumfeld et al., where the

tail of a beam was accelerated in the wake, driven by its

head [3]. These results motivate the concept of a PWFA

afterburner, i.e. a plasma stage that can be added at the

end of an accelerator as a ﬁnal energy-doubling device.

However, even in such a desirable constellation, the to-

tal length of the accelerator still remains tens-of-km-scale

and the average gradient is only improved by a factor of

approximately 2. Using multiple stages, oﬀers a more el-

egant solution [4]. If a series of beams with much lower

energy than the ﬁnal trailing-beam energy is applied to

transfer energy to the trailing beam in consecutive stages,

the parts of the accelerator delivering the drive beams can

be kept short and Eavg can be much higher [4]. Of course,

this scheme comes with its own challenges. Inter-plasma

components for in-coupling and out-coupling of drive-

beams and transport of trailing beams between stages in

most designs exceed the length of the plasma, strongly

reduces Eavg and can be a source of emittance degrada-

tion. Maintaining a high average accelerating gradient

throughout the full length of an accelerator is therefore

a major challenge of staging in PWFA when applied to

TeV collider [5].

Here, we suggest a staging method to reduce the foot-

print of inter-stage beamline-components and thereby

presents a scalable concept with high average accelerat-

ing gradient. Instead of using parallel beamlines for drive

and trailing beams, we propose to transport all beams on

the same axis and perform in-coupling and out-coupling

of drive beams in the temporal domain. This is possible

because of a unique feature of laser-ionized PWFAs – the

ultra-short ionization front of femtosecond laser pulses.

The concept is illustrated in Figure 1 and builds on

three types of beams that propagate in one bunch train,

but follow diﬀerent orbits. The previously introduced

driver and trailing beam, and beams that are not yet

participating in a plasma accelerator, which we will call

reservoir beams in this context. After every plasma

stage, a driver is used up and the trailing beam either

gained energy or was refocused onto the next accelerating

arXiv:2210.02263v1 [physics.acc-ph] 5 Oct 2022

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Highaveragegradientinalaser-gatedmultistageplasmawakeeldacceleratorA.Knetsch,1,I.A.Andriyash,1M.Gilljohann,1O.Kononenko,1A.Matheron,1Y.Mankovska,1P.SanMiguelClaveria,1V.Zakharova,1E.Adli,2andS.Corde11LOA,ENSTAParis,CNRS,EcolePolytechnique,InstitutPolytechniquedeParis,91762Palaiseau,France2Departme...

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High average gradient in a laser-gated multistage plasma wakeeld accelerator A. Knetsch1I.A. Andriyash1M. Gilljohann1O. Kononenko1A. Matheron1 Y. Mankovska1P. San Miguel Claveria1V. Zakharova1E. Adli2and S. Corde1.pdf

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High average gradient in a laser-gated multistage plasma wakeeld accelerator A. Knetsch1I.A. Andriyash1M. Gilljohann1O. Kononenko1A. Matheron1 Y. Mankovska1P. San Miguel Claveria1V. Zakharova1E. Adli2and S. Corde1

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