Service-Based Wireless Energy Crowdsourcing Amani Abusaa Abdallah Lakhdari and Athman Bouguettaya The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2000 Australia

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Service-Based Wireless Energy Crowdsourcing

Amani Abusaﬁa, Abdallah Lakhdari, and Athman Bouguettaya

The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia

{amani.abusafia,abdallah.lakhdari,athman.bouguettaya}@sydney.edu.au

Abstract. We propose a novel service-based ecosystem to crowdsource

wireless energy to charge IoT devices. We leverage the service paradigm

to abstract wireless energy crowdsourcing from nearby IoT devices as en-

ergy services. The proposed energy services ecosystem oﬀers convenient,

ubiquitous, and cost-eﬀective power access to charge IoT devices. We dis-

cuss the impact of a crowdsourced wireless energy services ecosystem, the

building components of the ecosystem, the energy services composition

framework, the challenges, and proposed solutions.

Keywords: Service Computing·Energy Services·Wireless Energy Charg-

ing ·Crowdsourcing·IoT ·Wireless Power Transfer

1 Introduction

Internet of Things (IoT) is a paradigm that enables everyday objects (i.e.,

things) to connect to the internet and exchange data [1]. IoT devices usually have

capabilities, such as sensing, networking, and processing [1]. The number of con-

nected IoT devices is expected to reach 125 billion in 2030 [2]. This potential per-

vasiveness of IoT provides opportunities to abstract their capabilities using the

service paradigm as IoT services[3]. IoT services are deﬁned by their functional

and non-functional attributes. The functional attributes deﬁne the purpose of

the service, such as sharing internet access using WiFi. The non-functional at-

tributes are the properties that assess the Quality of Service (QoS), e.g., signal

strength, reliability, etc. For example, an IoT device owner may oﬀer their WiFi

as a hotspot (i.e., service provider) to other nearby IoT devices (i.e., service

consumers). A multitude of novel IoT services may be used to enable intelligent

systems in several domains, including smart cities, smart homes, and healthcare

[3]. Examples of IoT services are WiFi hotspots [4], environmental sensing [5],

and energy services [6]. Of particular interest is the use of energy services.

Energy service, also known as Energy-as-a-Service (ES), refers to the wire-

less power transfer among nearby IoT devices [6]. We consider a particular set

of IoT devices named wearables. Wearables refer to anything worn or hand-held

like smart shirts, smartwatches, and smartphones [7]. Wearables may harvest

energy from natural resources such as kinetic activity, solar power, or body heat

[8][9]. For instance, a smart shoe using a PowerWalk kinetic energy harvester

may produce 10-12 watts on-the-move power1. In this respect, wearing a Power-

Walk harvester may generate energy to charge up to four smartphones from an

1bionic-power.com

arXiv:2210.15494v1 [cs.NI] 14 Oct 2022

2 A. Abusaﬁa et al.

Fig. 1: The components of IoT energy services ecosystem

hour’s walk at a comfortable speed. Energy services may be deployed through

the newly developed “Over-the-Air” wireless power transfer technologies [6][10].

Several companies focus on developing the wireless charging technology of IoT

devices over a distance, including WiTricity2, Energous3, Cota4, Powercastco5.

For example, WiTricity started based on the work of [11] where they succeeded

in transferring 60 W of power wirelessly to power a light bulb. Another exam-

ple is Energous which developed a device that can charge up to 3 Watts power

within a 5-meter distance to multiple receivers.

Crowdsourcing is an eﬃcient way to leverage IoT energy services to create a

self-sustained environment [6][3]. IoT users may collaborate to share their spare

energy to charge nearby IoT devices and extend their battery endurance [12][13].

Crowdsourced IoT energy services present a convenient and adaptable solution

as devices do not need to be tethered to a power point or use charging cords, and

power banks [14]. In addition, crowdsourcing energy oﬀers an ubiquitous power

access for IoT users as they may be charged anytime and anywhere, even while

moving [6][14]. Charging IoT devices wirelessly from a central source usually

requires a high-frequency magnetic ﬁeld to transfer the energy over a distance

[15]. Studies have shown that a strong magnetic ﬁeld has a harmful impact

on humans [16][15]. On the contracts, crowdsourcing IoT energy services enables

charging by aggregating energy from multiple close-by devices. As the devices are

near, transferring the energy will require a low-frequency magnetic ﬁeld. Hence,

crowdsourcing energy services oﬀer an alternative solution to charge devices

wirelessly without compromising users’ health [17][18]. In this paper, we propose

to leverage the service paradigm to enable a self-sustained IoT energy services

ecosystem by utilizing three components, crowdsourcing, IoT, and wireless power

transfer technologies (see Fig.1).

This paper maps out a strategy to leverage the service paradigm to utilize

IoT energy services in smart cities. We envision a sustainable ecosystem that

allows on-the-go wireless energy crowdsourcing to recharge IoT devices in smart

cities. First, we highlight the beneﬁts of the energy services ecosystem. Then, we

present a holistic service-based ecosystem to conceptualize the idea and call for

future validation. Next, we describe the ecosystem in terms of the environment,

2witricity.com

3energous.com

4ossia.com

5powercastco.com

Service-Based Wireless Energy Crowdsourcing 3

Fig. 2: Usage-time using wire vs wireless charging technologies

service-oriented architecture, and enabling technologies. We also present the en-

visioned framework and the contemporary approaches for composing IoT-based

energy services. Finally, we discuss the uprising challenges to implementing the

envisioned ecosystem and highlight the potential future research directions that

may address these challenges.

2 Impact of Crowdsourcing Energy Services Ecosystem

Crowdsourcing wireless energy services provides numerous beneﬁts to both the

environment and IoT users. Each of the beneﬁts is discussed in depth below.

– Enabling Sustainable IoT Ecosystem: The proliferation of IoT devices

leads to a signiﬁcant increase in energy consumption [19][20]. IoT devices’

global energy demand is predicted to reach 46TWh by 2025 [20]. This tremen-

dous energy demand accounts for 6% to 8% of the global carbon footprint

generated by information and communication technologies [21] [22]. Crowd-

sourcing energy services reduce carbon footprint by reducing dependence on

fossil fuels to charge IoT devices. In addition, crowdsourcing energy services

rely on renewable or spare energy resources. The renewable energy may be

harvested from natural resources such as body heat, solar energy, or kinetic

movement [23].

– Extending Battery Endurance:IoT devices are constrained by the size

of their batteries [24][25]. The small size of the battery results in a limited

energy storage capacity. This limited capacity hinders the capabilities of

IoT devices. Increasing the battery capacity for IoT devices faces several

challenges,including, safety, weight, cost, and recycling [26]. Other charging

methods, such as carrying a power cord and searching for a power outlet,

are inconvenient for users. Hence, crowdsourcing energy services becomes an

attractive solution to improve battery endurance [27].

– Unlimited Usage Time: Crowdsourcing energy services enable recharging

IoT devices without interrupting their usage time. In contrast, wired charg-

ing may require IoT users to stop the usage of their devices in order for them

to be charged. Hence, wireless recharging of IoT devices may result in un-

limited usage time, i.e., constantly using them to provide or access services

(See Fig.2). Thus, crowdsourcing energy services prolong the IoT device’s

usage lifetime, especially when the external energy supply is unavailable.

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Service-BasedWirelessEnergyCrowdsourcingAmaniAbusaa,AbdallahLakhdari,andAthmanBouguettayaTheUniversityofSydney,SydneyNSW2000,Australiafamani.abusafia,abdallah.lakhdari,athman.bouguettayag@sydney.edu.auAbstract.Weproposeanovelservice-basedecosystemtocrowdsourcewirelessenergytochargeIoTdevices.Weleve...

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Service-Based Wireless Energy Crowdsourcing Amani Abusaa Abdallah Lakhdari and Athman Bouguettaya The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2000 Australia

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