A NEW APPROACH TO EXTRACT FETAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM USING AFFINE COMBINATION OF ADAPTIVE FILTERS Yu Xuan1Xiangyu Zhang2Shuyue Stella Liy2

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A NEW APPROACH TO EXTRACT FETAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM USING AFFINE

COMBINATION OF ADAPTIVE FILTERS

Yu Xuan?1Xiangyu Zhang?2Shuyue Stella Li†2

Zihan Shen†3Xin Xie†1Leibny Paola Garcia2Roberto Togneri4

1University of California San Diego, 2Johns Hopkins University

3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 4University of Western Australia

ABSTRACT

The detection of abnormal fetal heartbeats during pregnancy

is important for monitoring the health conditions of the fe-

tus. While adult ECG has made several advances in modern

medicine, noninvasive fetal electrocardiography (FECG) re-

mains a great challenge. In this paper, we introduce a new

method based on afﬁne combinations of adaptive ﬁlters to

extract FECG signals. The afﬁne combination of multi-

ple ﬁlters is able to precisely ﬁt the reference signal, and

thus obtain more accurate FECGs. We proposed a method

to combine the Least Mean Square (LMS) and Recursive

Least Squares (RLS) ﬁlters. Our approach found that the

Combined Recursive Least Squares (CRLS) ﬁlter achieves

the best performance among all proposed combinations. In

addition, we found that CRLS is more advantageous in ex-

tracting FECG from abdominal electrocardiograms (AECG)

with a small signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Compared with the

state-of-the-art MSF-ANC method, CRLS shows improved

performance. The sensitivity, accuracy and F1 score are

improved by 3.58%, 2.39% and 1.36%, respectively.

Index Terms—combination of adaptive ﬁlter, noninva-

sive FECG extraction, afﬁne combination

1. INTRODUCTION

Fetal electrocardiography (FECG) is an important tool used

by clinicians to track fetal cardiac status [2] and can be ef-

fectively used to help clinicians make correct and responsive

decisions during pregnancy or at delivery. Currently, there

are two methods (Fig 1) to capture FECG: one is the inva-

sive scalp electrode [3] method, which directly measures the

FECG signal, but can only detect the FECG signal during de-

livery. Besides, the scalp electrode is invasive and may cause

serious harm to both the mother and the fetus. The other

method uses a non-invasive abdominal electrode [4]. An

electrode is placed on the mother’s abdomen to collect the ab-

dominal body surface signal. However, the abdominal body

?†Equal contribution in alphabetical order

Fig. 1: FECG monitoring a) Non-invasive b) Invasive [1]

surface signals of pregnant women are rather complex, in-

cluding not only the weak FECG and maternal electrocardio-

graphy (MECG), but also the mother’s respiratory noise and

industrial frequency interference. In addition, the amplitude

of MECG in the abdominal signal is often 2-10 times higher

than that of FECG [5], making the extracted FECG extremely

noisy.

In this paper, we introduce an afﬁne combination ap-

proach for ECG separation using multiple adaptive ﬁlters.

Unlike previous combinations of multiple adaptive ﬁlters, the

FECG signal extracted by the afﬁne combination is closer to

the true value and more complete. In addition, previous work

mainly focuses on exploring the combination of only LMS

ﬁlters with different step-size strategies. This is because these

ﬁlters allow the combination to minimize their own quadratic

errors by simply updating ﬁlter weights according to LMS

rules. However, it is known that the performance of single

Recursive Least Squares (RLS) is better than single LMS (and

its family) [6] on most denoising tasks because RLS is more

adaptable to non-stationary signals. The signal is generally

non-stationary in most practical application scenarios, and

the objective function of RLS is the exponentially weighted

arXiv:2210.11658v4 [eess.SP] 27 Feb 2023

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摘要：

ANEWAPPROACHTOEXTRACTFETALELECTROCARDIOGRAMUSINGAFFINECOMBINATIONOFADAPTIVEFILTERSYuXuan?1XiangyuZhang?2ShuyueStellaLiy2ZihanSheny3XinXiey1LeibnyPaolaGarcia2RobertoTogneri41UniversityofCaliforniaSanDiego,2JohnsHopkinsUniversity3UniversityofChineseAcademyofSciences4UniversityofWesternAustraliaABSTRAC...

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A NEW APPROACH TO EXTRACT FETAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM USING AFFINE COMBINATION OF ADAPTIVE FILTERS Yu Xuan1Xiangyu Zhang2Shuyue Stella Liy2

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